The notion of ‘pro-trade’ versus ‘anti-trade’ foreign direct investment (FDI) was conceptualized by Professor Kiyoshi Kojima (1921_2010) and theoretically formalized in an article in The Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics (Kojima and Ozawa, 1984a/1993; reproduced in the United Nations Library on Transnational Corporations, Vol. 8). The core idea is that multinational corporations’ (MNCs) overseas investments in emerging markets have two opposing effects on the basis for trade: one is to expand comparative advantage (that is, a pro-trade effect), and the other is to reduce comparative advantage (that is, an anti-trade effect). The pro-trade type of FDI is central to a successful ‘flying-geese’ formation. Furthermore, the above theoretical distinction helps clarify both David Ricardo’s (1817) pessimism about the welfare effect of cross-border investment on the home country and Paul Samuelson’s (2004) skepticism of the long-term benefit of free trade to the United States in an age of globalization. References: Kojima, Kiyoshi and Terutomo Ozawa (1984a/1993), ‘Micro- and Macro-Economic Models of Direct Foreign Investment: Toward a Synthesis’, Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 25 (1), 1–20. Reproduced in Gray, H. Peter and John H. Dunning (eds) (1993), Transnational Corporations and International Trade and Payments, Vol. 8 of United Nations Library on Transnational Corporations, London: Routledge. Ricardo, David (1817/1888), ‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’, in J.R. McClulloch (ed.), The Works of David Ricardo, London: John Murray. Samuelson, Paul A. (2004), ‘Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18 (3), 135–46.
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your Elgar Online account
