Economists have been slow to repair or reformulate their field after their generally acknowledged failure to foresee the oncoming onslaught wrought by the Great Recession (2008). Their attempts to rebuild systemic models of economies has been largely incremental, as practitioners cling to universalistic characterisations of actors and markets still far removed from the behaviour of people in real times and places. Some anthropologists have joined with economists in stressing co-operation over competition as a foundational economic variable. New directions in behavioural and experimental economics including the use of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) seek to incorporate more actual human behaviour in economic problem-solving, but the results have not yet much changed the fundamental neoclassical paradigm as handed down by Alfred Marshall and John Maynard Keynes and codified by Paul Samuelson and John M. Hicks.
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