acceptable housing standards 129–30

acceptable in kind benefits 296

access to safe water 115, 131, 143, 145

additional funds

to assist parents and relatives 29, 238–9

see also margin for unforeseen events

adults

calorie requirements 37–8

replacement costs of home-prepared meals 42

Afghanistan 290, 291

Africa

bargaining in food purchasing 100

in kind benefits 285, 287, 291, 300

living space 122

malnutrition 43

see also individual countries; North(ern) Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa

age, labor force participation rates 249, 250

agricultural commodity industries, study locations 26

air pollution (indoor) 147

alcohol 94, 170–71, 180, 186

allowances see cash allowances

Americas

in kind benefits 285, 288

see also Caribbean; individual countries; Latin America; United States

amino acids 43

Angola 287, 290, 291

animal-based foods 60

Anker methodology 3

acceptance and experience in using 6–7

description 18–27

improvement on common methodologies 4

key principles 5–6

modest cost 6

normative basis 5, 17, 21, 23

practicality 6, 17–18

tools 15

transparency 4, 5, 17, 22, 23, 270

uses of manual 14–15

see also decent standard of living; living wage estimation; living wage reports; prevailing wages

Anker review of living wage methodologies (2011) 2, 4, 8, 190, 229, 247

Arab states 285, 287

architects, construction cost data 166

Argentina 288, 300

Asia

average household size 237

family size 238

in kind benefits 285, 288–9, 300

living space 122, 127

living wage estimates 229–30

minimum to average wage ratio 16

see also East Asia; individual countries; South Asia; Southeast Asia

Asian Floor Wages 16, 312

auditing, valuing in kind benefits for 301

Australia 121

average attained height 37, 41

average household size 232, 234–5, 237, 239–40, 241

Bangladesh 7, 16, 27, 51, 57, 88, 149, 179, 256–7, 273, 282

bargaining, in food price collection 100

basic bodily functions (adults), calorie requirements 37

basic metabolic rate (BMR) 37, 38

basic wage 272, 333–4

beans see legumes/beans/pulses

benefits 271

see also cash allowances; fringe benefits; in kind benefits

bonuses 20, 25, 270, 271, 272–3, 274, 276, 277, 302, 304, 309, 315, 333–4, 337

Botswana 287, 290, 291

Bray, M. 219

Brazil 7, 125, 126, 161, 264, 288

bread 36, 47, 51, 52, 60, 63, 66, 70, 74, 79, 94

building companies, construction cost data 166

Bunley, S. 219

Burkina Faso 290, 291

calcium 45, 73, 89

calories

derived from dairy products 45, 56–7

in a model diet 21, 34, 35, 73

percentage from carbohydrates 35

percentage from fats 35, 47

percentage from proteins 35, 36, 42, 43, 60, 62

primary and secondary data 28

requirements 35, 37–42

adults 37–38

children and adolescents 39

Excel program for calculating calorie requirements 41-42

family 39

lactation 40

pregnancy 40

Cambodia 44, 176, 185, 219, 288, 290, 291, 300

Cameron, D. 1

Cameroon 286, 290, 291

Canada 121, 288, 290, 291, 300

Cape Winelands see South Africa

capital appreciation, owner occupied housing 165

carbohydrates 35, 60

see also calories; model diet

Caribbean

calories derived from dairy products 45

housing 168

labor force participation rates 250

living space 122, 127

poverty lines 310

unemployment rates 253

World Bank poverty line wage 310, 321

see also Dominican Republic

cash allowances in wages 271, 273–4, 275–6, 277–8, 299, 333–4

CDC 43

Center for Social Concern (CfSC) Malawi 109, 110, 312

Central and Eastern Europe 122, 127, 250, 253, 310

cereals and grains

local food price surveys 90, 91, 95, 100

in a model diet 47, 51, 52, 63, 66, 70, 74

nutritional content and percent inedible 78

venues for purchasing 93, 94

see also prepared cereals

certifying organizations

commitment to living wage 13

housing standards 118–19

living wage in codes of practice 1

see also standard setting organizations

Chad 287, 290, 291

Chengdu 256, 318

child labor 251

child mortality 236, 240

children

assumption of school attendance 215

calorie requirements 39

education of see education post check; education right to

number of children in reference family see reference family size

of migrant workers 232

school lunches and reduced cost of meals prepared at home 42

Chile 45, 288, 300

China

Anker methodology in 7

family size, in living wage studies 234

food wastage 56

information on food prices 100

in kind benefits 282, 300

living space 120, 123, 124, 126

meals eaten away from home 185

model diet 57, 90

number of workers per family 253–4, 257

rental cost surveys 161

seasonality of food prices 108

see also Chengdu; Shanghai; Shenzhen; Zhengzhou

CIA Factsheets 132

codes of practice 1, 13, 118–19, 269

coffee 48, 54, 84, 92, 93, 94, 95

COICOP (Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose) 169–70, 192–3, 217, 218, 228

collective bargaining agreement (CBA) 30, 269, 279, 284–6, 297, 299, 311, 326

Colombia 288, 291, 292

Committee of Experts (ILO) 283

Committee of Statistical Experts Resolution 1935 (ILO) 119

Comoros 290, 291

conclusions, in living wage reports 335

condiments 51, 54, 65, 75, 77

construction costs, new housing 165–6

construction materials, for local housing standards 136

consumer price index (CPI) 48, 86, 97, 162–4, 167, 339, 340, 341

context(s), in living wage reports 326

corporate social responsibility 13

cost(s)

of a model diet 17, 35, 46

see also education cost post check; health care cost post check; local cost of decent housing; non-food and non-housing costs

cost of living adjustment 272

Costa Rica 185, 288

covered floor space 122, 123

see also floor space; living space

credible living wage estimates

as an objective of the Anker methodology 11

developing countries 5

methodology for 3, 4

MNCs and need for 12–13

uses for 14–15

cultural norms 231, 238, 250

Czech Republic 291, 292, 300

dairy

in a model diet 35, 45–6, 52, 63, 66, 70, 74, 88

nutritional content 83

selecting for price collection 92

venues for purchasing 93, 94

see also milk

data cleaning of food prices 102

data collection and analysis

Anker methodology 6, 25–6

primary data needed 28–30

secondary data needed 28–30

see also local food prices; local housing conditions; rental cost surveys; utility costs

day of week, food price collection 98

decent standard of living 8, 13, 18, 19, 21, 197, 233, 272, 295, 333, 335

diet see model diet for a living wage

estimating 11, 18

costs see food costs; housing costs; non-food and non-housing costs

decent wages 1–3

Decent Work for All 15

deferred payments 270, 271

Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 41, 132, 140, 207, 211, 216, 223, 237, 239, 240, 241

developed countries

guidelines on milk and dairy consumption 45

labor force participation rates 250

living wage methodologies 4–5

unemployment rates 253

see also individual countries

developing countries

guidelines on milk and dairy consumption 45

housing in rural areas 165

living wage

estimations, selecting study locations 26–7

methodologies 4, 5, 15

see also Dominican Republic; Kenya; Malawi; South Africa low food wastage 56

migrant workers 232–3

NFNH to food ratio 179

overcrowding 121

unemployment rates 252

see also individual countries

Dhaka 27, 149

Diet see model diet for a living wage

disease, protections against 145–7

disposable income 8, 24, 263–6, 273, 274, 333

see also take home pay; net living wage

Domestic Workers Convention 189 (ILO) 293

Dominican Republic (living wage study)

child mortality 240

comparison of wage changes and labor productivity 319, 320

expenditure statistics 217

housing conditions 137–8

in kind benefits 288

misery wage 312

model diet 36, 39, 88, 89

NFNH cost estimation 176, 185, 186

number of workers per family 256, 257

purchase of bottled drinking water 163

reference family size 241

total fertility rate 240

unemployment rate 253

updating living wage estimates for inflation 340

drinking water 143, 163, 286

durable housing 143

Dutch government viii

East Asia 45, 169, 171, 215, 250, 253

Eastern Europe see Central and Eastern Europe

economic development

fall in food share 173–4

living space 120, 125

model diets 36

proteins in diet 42

unsafe solid waste disposal 145

updating a living wage for 341

economic indicators, comparison of wage trends to 319, 320

Ecuador 1, 7, 288, 291

educated youth unemployment 252

education, right to 23, 214

education cost post check 23, 172, 187

approach 198, 214–23

background and conceptual framework 214

examples 223–7

in household expenditure statistics 217–18

in living wage reports 215–16, 331

items included in estimating 218–19

Kenya 226, 227

Malawi 223–4

primary data 29

eggs

in a model diet 46, 52, 62, 64, 66, 70, 74

nutritional content and percent inedible 81

selecting for price collection 89, 92

venues for purchasing 93, 94

El Salvador 45

electronic factories 27, 149

employer contributions, exclusion in wage/living wage comparison 272, 274

employers

construction cost data 166

interest in living wage 1

and in kind benefits 282–3, 292, 297–8

Engel’s law 173

environment, in housing standards 132

Ergon Associates 298–9

Ethical Tea Partnership (ETP) 2, 7

Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) 2

Ethiopia 7, 264

EUFIC review (2012) 76

Europe

definition of overcrowding 121

housing conditions 75–100 years ago 119

in kind benefits 285, 289, 291

labor force participation rates 250

service life of a house 166

unemployment rates 253

see also Central and Eastern Europe; individual countries

EUROSTAT 122

EWS (Economically Weaker Section) housing India 124

Excel Living Wage Model Diet Program 15, 21, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41–2, 47, 50–75

expense groups see costs and CIOCOP

extended family households 235

factories, selecting study locations 26–7

fair and reasonable value, in kind benefits 281, 282, 290, 291, 293, 297–9

Fairtrade International vii, 1, 7, 13, 279–280

family(ies)

calorie requirements 37–42

definition 231

difference between household and 232

health care cost estimates 209–210, 211–12

living wage sufficient for migrant workers to live with 232–3

see also, number of workers per family; reference family size

family size for living wage 18, 332

see also reference family size

fats see oils and fats; calories; model diet

female labor force participation rates 248, 249, 250

female migrant workers 232

fertility rates 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 242

fieldwork logistics, food price collection 96–9

Fiji 288, 290, 291

final model diet 59, 61–8, 72–5

fish

local food price surveys 89, 92, 95, 96

low wastage, Malawi 56

in a model diet 46, 53, 64, 66, 70, 74

nutritional content and percent inedible 82–3

venues for purchasing 93

floor materials 136

floor plans 120, 135

floor space 122–8,

see also living space, covered space; number of persons per room

flower farms see Kenya, Ethiopia

food(s)

expenditures, low and middle income countries 33

as in kind benefit 290, 293

in NFNH classification 170

inedible parts of 55, 56, 78–84

local preferences 33, 35, 49, 57, 72, 372

safe preparation and storage 146

wastage and spoilage 55, 56, 65, 75

see also individual foods; NFNH to Food ratio

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) 14, 21, 35, 43, 44, 45, 48, 55, 56, 76

food costs

estimating 21, 33

in living wage reports 327

and protein in diet 42

primary and secondary data 28

see also local food prices

food plans (USDA) 54, 55, 76

food price investigators 96–7

food prices see local food prices; relative food prices; representative prices

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) vii, 2, 13

four persons, as reference family size 234

free school lunch and model diet food cost estimate 42

free transport and in kind benefits 282, 297, 300, 301

free workers’ lunches and in kind benefits 297, 298–9

fringe benefits 272, 274, 276, 279–80

fruits

local food price surveys 88, 92, 95, 108

in a model diet 21, 35, 43–5, 51, 53–4, 62, 64, 68, 70, 75

nutritional content and percent inedible 79–80

typical size (in purchased grams) 85

venues for purchasing 90, 93, 94

see also starchy fruits and vegetables

full-time workers per family 247, 248

see also number of full-time equivalent workers per family

furnishing 146–7

Gambia 290, 291

garment factories 27, 149, 275

gender, labor force participation rates 249–50

German government viii

Global Living Wage Coalition (GLWC) 7, 8, 13, 118, 229, 256, 340

GoodWeave International vii, 2, 13

government supported housing 120, 122–8

governments

food prices reported by 86

information for creating local housing standards 135

interest in

determining gap between prevailing wages and living wage 25

living wage 1

minimum wage setting and living

wage 14

use of credible living wage estimates 14

grains see cereals and grains

green leafy vegetables (GLV) 51, 53, 64, 68, 70, 73, 75, 80, 107

grocery stores 90, 94, 101, 103

gross living wage 19, 24, 263, 265, 266, 335, 336, 337, 340

Guatemala 7, 45, 288, 291, 292

Habitat for Humanity 122, 125, 135, 165, 166, 167–8

hazardous housing locations 116, 117, 188, 136, 143

hazards, structural hazards in housing 116, 117, 142, 145, 146, 147

health care, right to 23

health care cost post check 23, 172, 187

approach 198, 207–210

background and conceptual framework 206

example 210–12

health care providers 208, 209, 211

in living wage reports 330

primary and secondary data 29

high income countries 5, 43, 44, 127–8, 173, 190

high inflation countries, updating living wage 340–41

holiday pay 272

holiday periods, food prices 99

home-prepared meals, replacement costs 42, 298–9

Honduras 288, 291, 292

house insurance 168

household, difference between family and 232

household expenditure data

classification 23, 169–72, 217, 218, 227

education costs in 217–18, 219–20, 224, 225

in NFNH cost estimation

adjusting to conform to Anker methodology 182–6

need to adjust NFNH to Food

ratio 194–6

selecting appropriate part of

income distribution 181–2

household income, NFNH to Food ratio 175–8,

see also NFNH to Food ratio

housing

as an in kind benefit 286–90, 293, 298

right to adequate 113, 115–16, 142

housing authorities, information for creating local housing standards 135

housing conditions

Europe and US 75–100 years ago 119

see also local housing conditions

housing costs

estimating

advantages of Anker methodology 114

problems of common approach 113–14

separate from other costs 4, 17, 114

in living wage reports 328

primary and secondary data 28–9

taxes and fees 29, 167

see also local cost of decent housing

housing standards

housing cost estimation based on 21

see also international housing standards; local housing standard(s)

human rights

agreement on living wage as a 2, 3, 8

to adequate housing 113, 115–16, 142

to health care and education 18, 23, 169, 172, 180, 187, 197, 214, 330

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3

ILO

Anker review of living wage methodologies (2011) 2, 4, 8, 190, 229, 247

Committee of Statistical Experts Resolution (1935) 119

Constitution Preamble (1919) 2–3

Domestic Workers Convention 189 293

in kind benefits

on cautious acceptance of 283

on concern about abuse of 282–3

conventions and recommendations 292–4

valuation method 291

labor force participation data 251

Minimum Wage Fixing Convention 131 10–11

Philadelphia Declaration Annex to Constitution (1944) 3, 10, 115–16

Plantations Convention 110 293, 295

Protection of Wages Convention 95 270, 293–4

Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy (2006) 293

use of credible living wage estimates 14

Workers’ Housing Recommendation 115 (1961) 116, 117, 144, 293

in kind benefits 281–305

abuse by employers 282–3

cautious acceptance of 283

defined 281–2

50% rule 342

guaranteed in kind benefits 295

ILO conventions and recommendations 292–4

in living wage reports 334

in wage/living wage comparisons 272, 274, 278–9

maximum values 286, 287–9, 293, 299–300

national laws 284–92

reasons for consideration of 282

restricted list of acceptable in kind benefits 295–6

valuing

approaches and principles for 294–301

example 301–5

variety of 282

incentive payments 271–2, 272–3

income per capita, and food share 173–5

income tax 264

India

Anker methodology in 7

food preparation for sale 55–6

in kind benefits 291, 292

living space 123–4, 126, 141

minimum to average wage ratio 16

model diet 51, 57, 88, 90

national database for calorie requirements 40

NFNH cost classification 171

NFNH to Food ratio 177, 179

venues for food purchasing 93

indoor air pollution 147

IndustriALL 2

industry(ies)

and in kind benefits 282, 284, 295, 301

reference points to include in a wage ladder 309

selecting study locations 26–7

wage ladder tool 308–9

wage/living wage comparisons 269

inedible parts of food 55–6, 78–85

infant mortality 236

inflation 315, 339–41

INFOODS 55, 56

Institute of Medicine of the National Academy (US) 163

international comparability, Anker methodology 6, 23

International Comparison Program (ICP) 119, 164

International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) 341, 342

international conventions, adequate housing 116–18

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) 115, 116, 117, 142, 214

international databases, local housing conditions 132

international housing standards

for creating local housing standards 136, 138, 140

housing cost estimation 22

review of 115–18

international organizations

interest in

determining gap between prevailing wages and living wage 25

living wage 1

principles for adequate housing 116–18, 142–7

use of credible living wage estimates 14

international poverty lines 310–12

international principles, housing standards 115, 116–18

International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers’ Federation 2

Ireland 121, 125, 127, 141

ISEAL Alliance vii, 13

Israel 291, 292, 300

Japan 290, 291

Kenya (living wage study)

cash allowances 275

child mortality 240

construction cost data 166

data collection 26

education cost post check (example) 217–18, 224–7

fertility rate 234, 240

food price survey 109

graphs

comparing prevailing wages and minimum wages 317–18, 320

illustrating recent wage changes 316

illustrating wages changes

expressed in US dollars 318–19

in kind benefits 282

living space 124, 126

location of study, Lake Naivasha, 26, 149–50

model diet 46, 61–75, 62, 88, 89

NFNH classification 171

NFNH to Food ratio 179

number of children less than age 18 per woman 236–7

reference family size 239–40

rental cost survey 149, 150, 159, 161

seasonality of food prices 108, 109

unemployment rate 253

updating living wage estimate for inflation 340

utility costs 162

vendor willingness to provide information on prices 100

wage ladder (example) 312–14

KILM (ILO) 251, 258

Kuala Lumpur 125, 126

labor force participation rate(s)

by age 249, 250

by gender 249–50

data subject to bias and error 249

definition and measurement 248–9

ignoring child labor in living wage estimation 251

number of workers per family 256–7

rural-urban differences 251

secondary data 259

sources of data 251

labor productivity, comparison of wage changes and 319, 320

LABORSTAT (ILO) 251, 258, 309

lactation, calories requirements 40

Lake Naivasha see Kenya

Latin America and the Caribbean

calories derived from dairy products 45

cash allowances 273

labor force participation rates 250

living space 122, 127

minimum to average wage ratio 16

poverty lines 310

unemployment rates 253

urban-rural difference in family size 237

see also individual countries

legumes/beans/pulses

local food price surveys 88, 91

in a model diet 47, 52, 60, 63, 66, 70, 73, 74

nutritional content and percent inedible 84

venues for purchasing 93, 94

less than full-time work 254

levies, owner occupied housing 167

Liberal Food Plan (USDA) 55, 76

LIG (low income group) housing in India 124, 141

linear programming optimization for a model diet 77

living income 13–14

living space 119–28, 131–2, 143,

see also floor space; number of persons per room

living standard see standard of living

living wage(s)

commitment to by standard setting organizations 13

in context see wage ladder; wage trends

as a decent wage 1

definition, consensus on 8

definition, in living wage reports 326

distinguished from minimum wages 10–11

gap between prevailing wages and see prevailing wages

GLWC commitment to 13

historical background 2–3

interest in, and acceptance of 1–3

and living income 13–14

and living standard see decent standard of living

London 230

measuring

need for methodology and manual 3–5

see also Anker methodology

as a public awareness tool 2

studies see Dominican Republic; Kenya; Malawi; South Africa

uses of 14–15

voluntary aspect of 10

living wage estimation 11, 12, 18–20

in living wage reports 325, 326

MNCs need for credible estimate 12–13

need for more than one estimate per country 25

number of workers per family 24

background and conceptual framework 247–8

determining number of full-time

equivalent workers 248–57

example 257–8

principles of housing standards for 128, 129–30

selecting study locations

balancing place-specific and generalizable living wage 25–6

for factories and industries 26–7

for industries producing

agricultural commodities 26

statutory deductions from pay 24

background and conceptual framework 263

calculating take home pay 264–6

example 266

subjectivity/judgement in 8–10

updating for inflation 339–41

see also credible living wage estimates

living wage reports 6, 12

inclusion of photos in 155

indication of education systems in 215–16

suggested outline 325–35

summary tables to include in 336–8

transparency in 5, 270

living wage-specific inflation rate 342

local cost of decent housing 148–68

maintenance and repair costs 163

primary and secondary data 28–9

rental cost surveys

carrying out 148–55

data analysis and presentation 155–9

rental costs

asking for workers’ perceptions of 159–61

user cost of occupied housing as a

proxy for 163–8

utility and other costs 161–3

local food preferences, in a model diet 35

local food prices 21, 86–112

adjustment for seasonality 105–8

examples 109–110

data analysis 102–4

data collection 25–6

budget provision, food price collecting 100

fieldwork logistics 96–9

forms 96, 99, 101–2, 111, 112

item selection 88–90

maximum quantities to use 95–6

mimicking cost-conscious workers 86–7

other considerations 99–100

quality of foods 96

reasons for 86

steps in a survey 87

supervision and monitoring 99

venues 90–95, 97–8

see also grocery stores; speciality

shops; supermarkets

in living wage reports 328

primary and secondary data 28

selecting foods to include in a model diet 104–5

local housing conditions

for creating local housing standards 136, 137–8

data collection form 133–5

secondary data on 132

local housing standard(s) 22, 114–37

background and conceptual framework 113–14

developing 128–40

in living wage reports 329

primary and secondary data 28

principles and characteristics 114–28, 142–7

template to determine and describe 131–2

location-specific

allowance of in kind benefits 284

family size 237

labor force participation rates 260

living wage estimations 5–6

number of workers per family 248

part-time employment 261

starting diet 57

unemployment rate 260

wages 17

London’s living wage 230

low income countries 62

food expenditures 33, 190

food share and economic development 173

food wastage 56

fruit and vegetable consumption 44

guidance on floor space 125

protein recommendations 43

low income housing 120, 122–8

Low-Cost Food Plan (USDA) 76

low-cost nutrition model diet see model diet for a living wage

Luxembourg 291, 292

macronutrients 21, 33, 43, 50, 51, 58, 59

maintenance and repair costs 29, 163, 166–7, 168

maize 52, 63, 66, 70, 73, 74, 90, 94, 110

Malawi (living wage study) 7

child mortality 236

construction cost data 166

data collection 26

determining user cost of owner occupied housing (example) 167–8

education cost post check (example) 223–4

expenditure statistics 217

graphs

comparing prevailing wages and minimum wages 317

illustrating recent wage changes 316

health care post check (example) 210–12

housing conditions 139–40

inflation rate 342

living space 125, 126

living wage estimates 312, 340

low food wastage 56

model diet 39, 46, 89, 90

number of workers per family 256, 257

production bonuses 273

seasonality of food prices 108, 109–10

service life of a house 166

venues for food purchasing 93

wage ladder (example) 314–15

Malaysia 120, 125, 126

male labor force participation rates 249, 250, 258,

see also labor force participation rate(s)

Mali 286, 287, 290, 291

malnutrition 43

margin for unforeseen events 23

approach to determine 229–30

background and conceptual framework 229

data for 29

in living wage reports 332

see also additional funds

market rates, value of in kind benefits 290–92

maternity leave 274

mathematical optimization approaches to model diets 50, 77

see also Excel Living Wage Model Diet Program

Mathenge, M. 109

Mauritius 89, 93, 96, 100, 108, 165, 219, 236, 300

maximum limits, in kind benefits 299–300

maximum monetary amounts specified, in kind benefits 290

maximum quantities purchased, food price collection 95–6

maximum reference family size 238

meals see home-prepared meals

meats

local food price surveys 89, 92, 95, 96

in a model diet 46, 53, 62, 64, 66, 70, 74

nutritional content and percent inedible 82

preparation for sale 56

typical size (in purchased grams) 85

venues for purchasing 93, 94

Mexico 7, 16, 125, 126, 288, 300

micronutrients 33, 35, 40, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 58

Middle East 100, 234, 237, 238, 250, 253

middle income countries

food expenditures 33

food share 173

fruit and vegetable consumption 44

living space 124, 125, 126, 127

NFNH cost estimation 182

poverty lines 310

protein recommendations 43

MIG (middle income group) housing in India 124

migrant workers 232–4

migration, and household size 234

milk

local food price surveys 89, 92

in a model diet 45–6, 52, 60, 62, 63, 66, 70, 73, 74, 88

number of calories in 56–7

nutritional content and percent inedible 83

typical size of cup 85

venues for purchasing 93, 94

Millennium Development Goals 14, 15, 142, 215

milling charges 90, 100

minimum acceptable housing standard 129–30

minimum reference family size 238

minimum standards, for in kind benefits 286–90, 293, 295

minimum wages

arbitrariness of 16

comparison of prevailing wages and 317–18

Ecuador law and salario digno 1

ILO Convention on 10–11

in kind benefits as partial payment of 283, 284

laws 230, 256

living wages distinguished from 10–11

use of credible living wage estimates 14

Vietnam law and minimum living needs 1

in a wage ladder 309

misery wage, Dominican Republic 312

model diet for a living wage 17, 21, 33–85

background 33

calories in 37–42

characteristics 35–6

creating 48–75

key features in development of 33–4

in living wage reports 327–8

nutritional recommendations 36–48

primary and secondary data 28

selecting foods to include in 104–5

monetary value, in kind benefits 281, 290–92, 293

Morocco 125, 126

mortgage interest payments 165

motor vehicle ownership 180, 201–4, 205

Mozambique 287, 290, 291

mud walls, not acceptable 136

multi-vendor markets see open air markets; street sellers

multinational corporations (MNCs)

description of small margin for emergencies 229

living wage project, Malawi 7

need for accepted and credible living wage methodology 12–13

use of Anker methodology 6–7

Myanmar 219

Nagpur (India) 27, 124

NAL database 55, 56

national databases, calorie requirements 40

national guidelines, milk and dairy consumption 45

National Institute of Nutrition (India) 40

National Institute of Nutrition (Vietnam) 40

national poverty lines 4, 33, 310

Near East 237

net living wage 19, 24, 263–6, 308, 325, 337

see also disposable income, take home pay

Netherlands 289, 290, 291

New Zealand 289, 291, 292

NFNH to Food ratio

income and economic development 173–8

and NFNH cost estimation 181, 182, 186–7

rural-urban differences 179–80

NGOs

interest in

determining gap between prevailing wages and living wage 25

living wage 1

living wage estimates from 311–12

in living wage project, Malawi 7

use of credible living wage estimates 14

Nicaragua 7, 16, 288

Nigeria 125, 126

night work pay supplements 272

non-alcoholic beverages see coffee; soft drinks; tea

non-food and non-housing (NFNH) costs 22, 169–90

defined 169–70

estimating

conceptual and empirical issues 172–80

four step approach 181–7

hypothetical example 187–90

in living wage reports 329–30

primary and secondary data 29

unnecessary items for decent living standard 180

variability in measuring and classifying 170–72

see also post checks of NFNH costs

normative basis, of Anker methodology 5, 17, 21, 23

North(ern) Africa 143, 250, 253

see also individual countries

number of persons per room 120, 121

number of full-time equivalent workers per family 4, 24

determining number of full-time equivalent workers per family

equations for determining 255–7

labor force participation rate 248–51, 257

part-time employment 254, 258

unemployment rate 251–4, 258

in living wage reports 332–3

more than one worker per family 247

secondary data 29

variations in 248

nursery school 221

nutritional content of foods 56–7, 78–85

nutritionists, model diets prepared by 48–9

Oceania 122

OECD 213, 281

oils and fats

local food price surveys 89, 91, 95, 96

in a model diet 35, 47, 54, 60, 64, 68, 72, 75

nutritional content 83

percent calories from 35, 47

percent inedible 83

typical size 85

venues for purchasing 93, 94

Oman 45, 179

‘one full-time worker’ assumption 256, 258

one seller venues see grocery stores; specialty stores; supermarkets

one worker breadwinner model 247

open air markets 90, 93, 94, 102, 103, 104, 106, 111

‘other essential expenses’ see non-food non-housing (NFNH) costs

outliers, in price data analysis 102

overcrowding 120, 121, 143, 145, 146

overtime pay 272, 274, 333–4

owner occupied housing

in household expenditure statistics 171

user costs as a proxy for rental cost 163–8

Oxfam 7

Pacific 168, 215, 250, 252, 253

Pakistan 7, 88, 179, 234, 235, 290, 291

Panama 288, 300

Paraguay 16, 288

part-time employment

lack of accepted definition 254

secondary data 259

sources of data 254

partial payment of wages, in kind benefits see in kind benefits

paternity leave 274

pay deductions

for in kind benefits

limit on amount 286

requirement to inform workers 293–4

see also statutory payroll deductions; voluntary deductions from pay

pensions 271, 274

person-specific statutory deductions from pay 265

Philadelphia Declaration Annex to ILO Constitution (1944) 3, 10, 115–16

Philippines 16, 290, 291

photos, from housing cost surveys 155

physical activity, calorie requirements 38, 39, 40

physical activity levels (PAL) 38

physical activity ratios (PAR) 38, 40

plantains 47, 51, 52, 60, 63, 66, 70, 74

Plantations Convention 110 (ILO) 293, 295

politicians, decent wage estimates 312

Pope Leo XIII 2

population density, and community services 118

Portugal 289, 291, 292

post checks of NFNH costs 180–81

carrying out 197–9

in living wage reports 330

see also education cost post check; health care cost post check; transportation post check

potatoes 44, 52, 56, 63, 66, 70, 73, 74, 81, 91, 93, 94

poverty line

diets 28, 33, 34, 49, 61

wages 14, 21, 22, 113, 169, 172, 181, 234, 308, 309, 310–12

powdered milk 52, 88, 89, 93

pre-primary school 221, 224

pregnancy, calories requirements 40

preliminary NFNH estimates 23, 29, 169, 180–81, 186, 187, 210

prepared cereals

in a model diet 47, 51, 52, 60, 63, 66, 70, 74

nutrition content and percent inedible 79

selecting for price collection 91

typical size (in purchased grams) 85

pretests, food price surveys 98

prevailing wages

comparison of minimum wages and 317–18

determining 20

determining gap between living wage and 6, 11–12, 25

background 269–70

general principles 271–5

in living wage reports 270, 333–4

primary data 30

see also in kind benefits

wage ladder tool 308–9

price points, in food price collection 97–8

primary data

collection 5, 25–6

living wage estimations 28–30

primary education 215, 216, 223–4, 225, 228

Principles of Health Housing (WHO) 116, 117, 144–7

private medical insurance 272, 274

private school attendance 215

production bonuses 272–3

profit, from in kind benefits 292, 297

protection

against communicable diseases 145–6

against injuries, poisonings and chronic disease 146–7

Protection of Wages Convention 95 (ILO) 270, 293–4

protein-rich foods 60

proteins 42–3

amount needed 43

national standards 40

percentage of calories from 35, 36, 42, 43, 60, 62

see also calories; model diet

provident funds 271, 274

public

interest in determining gap between prevailing wages and living wage 25

use of credible living wage estimates 15

public-private partnership initiatives 2, ⁷

pulses see legumes/beans/pulses

purchasing power, updating a living wage estimate to ensure it retains 339–40

purchasing power parity (PPP) 164, 310–11, 321

quality of foods, for price collection 96

quantities of food, in a model diet 36

Rainforest Alliance (RA) vii, 2, 7, 13, 118, 127, 135

rapid assessment post checks see post checks for NFNH costs; education cost post check; health care cost post check; transport post check

Reconstruction and Development Programme (South Africa) 123

record-keeping, in kind benefits 292

reference family size 24

approach to determining 233–9

background 231

calories needed 39, 41–2

conceptual framework 231–3

examples 239–41

in living wage reports 332

one full-time worker assumption 256

recording secondary data 243–4

secondary data 29

reference points, inclusion in wage ladders 309

relative food prices, taking account of 59–61, 68–72

remuneration

defined 270

determination of prevailing wages 20

wages/living wage comparisons

common forms and inclusion/exclusion 269, 272–4

deciding on forms to include 271–2

forms claimed by employers and

inclusion/exclusion 277–9

see also in kind benefits; statutory payroll deductions

rent

estimating using rent per square meter 120, 157–9

measurement of adequate living space 119–20

primary data 28

rental cost surveys 22

data analysis and presentation 155–9

data collection form 152–5

in living wage reports 329

local housing standards

finding rental units to visit that meet local housing standard 150–52

usefulness of visiting range of housing above and below local housing standard 152

locations to visit 148–50

number of neighbourhoods to visit 150

rural-urban differences 152

replacement costs, home-prepared meals 42, 298–9

representative prices, food items 102–4

researchers

living wage estimates from 311–12

use of credible living wage estimates 14

rice 52, 74, 78, 90, 93, 94, 96, 104, 295

rights see housing; human rights; workers’ rights

Rockefeller, J. D. 3

Roosevelt, F. D. 180

roots and tubers

local food price surveys 91

in a model diet 47, 51, 52, 60, 63, 66, 70, 74

nutritional content and percent inedible 81

venues for purchasing 94

Ruel, M. 44

rural areas

calorie requirements 39

extension of Anker methodology to 7

houses in, developing countries 165

see also Dominican Republic; Malawi

rural-urban differences

costs of decent life style 25

family size 237

fertility rates 234

housing standards 118, 129–30

labor force participation rates 251

NFNH to Food ratio 177, 178–80

numbers of workers per family 248

part-time employment 254

rental cost surveys 152

unemployment rates 252

Rut Tufts 307

Rwanda 44

safe water 115, 131, 143, 145

salario digno 1

salt 51, 54, 65, 75

sanitation facilities 115, 131, 143, 145

sauces 51, 54, 65, 75, 77

Schofield equations 37, 39

school attendance 215, 223–4

school enrolment 215–16, 225–6, 228

school lunch 42

seasonal part-time work 254

seasonality, adjustment of food prices for 105–8

secondary data

collecting 26

household expenditures for utilities 162–3

household size, average 29, 234–235

labor force participation rate 259

living wage estimation 28–30

local housing conditions 132–3

part-time employment 259

prevailing wages, measurement of 30, 269–80

recording, reference family size 243–4

statutory deductions from pay 30, 263–6

total fertility rate 29, 236–7

unemployment rate 259

secondary education 215, 216, 224, 225–6

Senegal 287, 290

service life of a house 166

severance pay 271, 274

Seychelles 290, 291, 292, 300

Shanghai 27

Shenzhen 120, 124, 126, 149, 256, 257, 264

single-person households 235

Slovakia 291, 292, 300

slums 142–3, 168

Smith, A. 2

Social Accountability International (SAI) vii, 1–2, 13, 229

soft drinks 48, 72

solid waste disposal 145

South Africa (living wage study)

data collection 26

in kind benefits 286–90, 287

living space 120, 123, 125, 126

model diet 44, 89

NFNH cost estimation 176, 185, 186

number of workers per family 256, 257

study locations 27

updating living wage estimate for inflation 340

South Asia 45, 143, 216, 250, 253

Southeast Asia 45, 171, 250, 252, 253

soy 47, 52

Spain 289, 300

special circumstances, in kind benefits 284

specialty shops 101, 103

SPHERE 163

spices 51, 54, 65, 75, 77, 88

spoilage (food) 55, 65, 75

Sri Lanka 7, 51, 77, 123, 125, 126, 166, 175

stakeholder dialogue 6

standard of living

updating living wage estimate for improvements in 341

see also decent standard of living

standard-setting organizations

commitment to living wage 13

housing standards 118–19

interest in determining gap between prevailing wages and living wage 25

living wage in codes of practice 1

starchy fruits and vegetables

local food price surveys 91

in a model diet 47, 51, 52, 60, 63, 66, 70, 74

venues for purchasing 94

starting diet 57–8, 61, 62

Statistics South Africa 159–61

statutory payroll deductions 24

background and conceptual framework 263

calculating take home pay 265–6

example 266

in living wage reports 333

secondary data 30

types 264–5

Stellenbosch model diet 44

Stern School of Business 149

storms, and food prices 99

street sellers 93, 94, 102, 103, 104, 106, 111

Sub-Saharan Africa

additional funds to assist parents and relatives 238

calories derived from dairy products 45

educational quality indicators 216

family size 237, 238

fruit and vegetable consumption 44

labor force participation rates 250

reference family size 234

secondary school enrolment 215

slums 143

unemployment rate 252, 253

subjectivity 8–10

sugar

local food price surveys 90, 91, 95

in a model diet 46, 54, 62, 64, 68, 72, 75

nutritional content 83

typical size 85

venues for purchasing 93, 94

supermarkets 93, 94, 101, 103, 104, 105, 112

supplementary tutoring costs 218–19

surface water drainage 145–6

sustainability see margin for unforeseen events

Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) vii, 2, 13, 118, 127

Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH) 2, 7

Swaziland 290, 291

tables

education costs 220–21

health care costs 209

for labor force variables 261, 262

for recording reference family size 243–4

rental cost surveys 155–7

to include in living wage reports 336–8

transportation post check 202–3

Take home pay 8, 18, 19, 24, 263–6, 272, 333, 336

see also disposable income; net living wage

Tanzania 7, 287, 290, 291

tax laws 162, 266

taxable income 265–6

taxes 29, 167, 264

tea

local food price surveys 92, 95

in a model diet 48, 54, 62, 68, 72, 75

nutritional content 84

venues for purchasing 94

Tea Association of Malawi (TAML) 7

tea estates see Malawi

Thrifty Food Plan (US) 54, 55, 76

Tiffany vii, 6

time off for holidays and leave 274

times, to avoid collecting food prices 98–9

tobacco 170–71, 180, 186

Togo 219

toilet facilities 115, 131, 143, 145

total fertility rate 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242

trade unions 2, 14, 25, 311

training, price investigators 96–7

transparency, of Anker methodology 4, 5, 17, 22, 23, 270

transport

as an in kind benefit 297–8

NFNH cost estimation 186

transportation cost post check 172–3

in living wage reports 331–2

steps in carrying out 200–204

Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, ILO (2006) 293

truck system 282

Tschirley, D. 109

tubers see roots and tubers

Tunisia 125, 126, 300

Uganda 219, 290, 291

Ukraine 289, 291, 292

UN-Habitat 116, 121, 132, 141, 142–3

unemployment rate(s)

data sources 252–4

definition 251–2

rural-urban differences 252

secondary data 259, 260

subjectivity in 9–10

variations in 248

UNESCO 215, 216, 219, 223

UNICEF 14, 132, 216, 223, 226

United Kingdom

living space 120, 121, 125, 127

living wage 1, 10

valuation method for in kind benefits 291

United Nations 122

Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 3, 115, 214

Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959) 214

Millennium Development Goals 14, 15, 142, 215

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 115

United States

family water requirements 163

food wastage 55, 56

housing conditions 119

in kind benefits 286, 290, 291, 292

living space 122, 127

living wage ordinances 1

maintenance and repair costs 166–7

meals eaten away from home and NFNH costs 171, 185

minimum wage law, Massachusetts (1914) 230

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 50, 54, 55, 76, 77

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 115

unpaid family work 9, 249

unpaid vacation days 274

urban areas

average household size 234

overcrowding in developing countries 121

see also rural-urban differences

urbanization, unsafe solid waste disposal 145

user cost of housing

for acceptable housing in living wage reports 329

owner occupied housing as a proxy for rental cost 163–8

utility costs

data collection 161–3

in living wage reports 329

owner occupied housing 167

primary and secondary data 29

UTZ 2, 7, 13

value chain dialogue 6

value of meals prepared at home, replacement costs 42

variety in a diet 51–4, 65, 75

vegetables

local food price surveys 88, 91, 95, 104–5, 107, 108

in a model diet 21, 35, 43–5, 51, 53, 62, 64, 68, 70, 73, 75

nutritional content and percent inedible 80–81

typical size (in purchased grams) 85

venues for purchasing 90, 93, 94

see also green leafy vegetables; starchy fruits and vegetables

ventilation 131

Vietnam

Anker methodology in 7

cash allowances 273, 275, 276

education costs 217, 219

fertility rate 241

food preparation for sale 55

housing law (2015) 124

living space 120, 124, 125, 126

low food wastage 56

minimum wages 1

national database for calorie requirements 40

NFNH cost estimation 171, 176, 179, 185

problem of model diet based on current food expenditure 49

purchase of bottled drinking water 163

reference family size 241

statutory payroll deductions 264

vendor willingness to provide information on prices 100

voluntary deductions from pay 263, 265

Wage Indicator Foundation 15–16

wage ladder

defined 307–8

examples 312–15

in living wage reports 334

tool 308–12

wage trends

in living wage reports 334–5

recent 315–20

wages

adjustment for inflation 315

defined 270

indexing to a base year 315–16

primary and secondary data 30

see also living wage(s); minimum wages; prevailing wages; remuneration

walls and housing standard 131, 136, 137, 139

Wang, S. 120

wastage (food) 55, 56, 65, 75

water

access to safe 115, 131, 143, 145

utility costs 162–3

weekdays, food price collecting 98

weekend, food price collection 98

weekend pay supplements 272

weighing foods, for price collection 99–100

wheat 52, 55–6, 74, 78, 90, 91, 100, 295

Worker Rights Consortium 312

workers

asking about rent for acceptable local housing 159–61

assistance in food price collection 97

and in kind benefits

agreement to 284, 294

requirement to inform when deducted from pay 293–4

see also factory workers; migrant workers; number of full-time equivalent workers per family

Workers’ Housing Recommendation 115 (ILO) 116, 117, 144, 293

workers’ rights 14, 269, 299

workplace meals, replacement cost 42

World Bank 14, 216, 228, 321

data on GDP per capita 342

International Comparability Program (ICP) 119, 164

poverty line wages 310–12

World Development Indicators 132, 215, 240, 311

World Health Organization (WHO) 162

model diet 21, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 76

Principles of Health Housing 116, 117, 144–7

World Health Survey (2002-03) 44

Wozniak, L. 273

youth labor force participation rates 249, 250

youth unemployment rates 252, 253

Zhengzhou 264

Zimbabwe 290, 291