The aim of this chapter is to present the content of the book as regards its origin and first steps as well as the process of elaboration by a group of academics engaged in research and teaching within the framework of sociology of childhood in four countries in Southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain). The book displays a systematic structure around three thematic axes: children’s characteristics and lifestyles, well-being versus poverty in childhood, and children involved in migratory processes. These topics are developed for each country through a description of the structural dimensions that make up the main trends existing, and completed with a detailed study of particular cases illustrating these trends. The purpose is to give visibility to children who are living their childhood in these places and also to their ways of facing the challenges and risks that go together with the status of being a child in a context of turbulence.