The aim of this introductory chapter is to outline the main ideas that emerge from the various chapters of this Handbook of Industrial Development. In a context of deep structural transformation and complex challenges, what the contributions of this Handbook highlight is that we should adopt a broad vision and perspective taking the context into account, in its various dimension: historical, social, political and cultural, at various levels of government (international, national and regional). It seems that only such broad perspectives can resolve the multiple, complex and interdependent challenges of today. For this purpose, rather than an industrial policy, we need an industrial development policy, comprising both measures directly aimed at industry and measures aimed at adapting the socio-economic system in which industries are embedded so that the whole expand coherently along specific sustainable paths, both in terms of the environment and of social wellbeing.