This project identifies fundamental changes in pathways to the realization of rights. We trace the balance between dynamics of diffusion and innovation, the efficacy of norm promotion in advocacy campaigns, multi-level contests and translation of rights frames, and the growth of global responsibilities. Our authors chart new mechanisms in the human rights regime via horizontal peer review, regional courts, national Constitutions, and urban movements. But these developments are constrained by backlash in the security of human rights defenders, contradictions in the role of NGOs, and decline in human rights foreign policy.