Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Does customary international law exist in tax? There are over 3,000 bilateral tax treaties, and they are about 80% identical to each other, but do they create customary international law that binds in the absence of a binding treaty, like, for example, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties binds the United States, which has not ratified it? This Chapter will argue that the answer is yes, using four examples: jurisdiction to tax, the permanent establishment threshold, the arm’s length standard, and non-discrimination.
Reuven S. Avi-Yonah and Dmitry Zelik
This chapter examines the tax treatment of capital gains in the United States. It explains the history of the US capital gains tax, its basic design (relationship to income tax, the scope of the tax, the tax treatment of different asset classes, the rates of tax, losses, and so on), how particular problems have been addressed (family homes, avoidance, and so on), and the lessons that might be learned from it. Keywords: capital gains tax; United States; tax system design