The chapter describes the water institutions and water policies in Spain. A distinctive feature of water management in the country is the key role of basin authorities, where stakeholders are involved in all management decisions. Water policies entail very large investments in water technologies to ensure water security, with different degrees of success in terms of human provision and ecosystem protection. The evolving interplay between the federal and state water governance levels is illustrated through the main water conflicts in recent years. This strong institutional and policy setting seems powerless to offset the worsening water scarcity and degradation in basins.
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