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The Passing-On Problem in Damages and Restitution under EU Law

Magnus Strand

‘Passing-on’ occurs when harm or loss incurred by a business is passed on to burden that business’s customers or the next level of the supply chain. In this authoritative book Magnus Strand provides the first comprehensive examination of passing-on in EU law damages and restitution. The analysis covers a broad range of contexts including competition damages and the repayment of charges.
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TABLE OF LEGISLATION AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

Magnus Strand

Treaties and Conventions

 

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

Arts 4, 5 2.037

Art. 47 2.001, 2.005, 2.008, 2.009, 2.010, 2.030, 2.031, 2.033, 2.034, 2.036, 2.037, 2.043, 2.051, 2.057, 2.068, 3.004, 3.023, 3.024, 3.025, 3.039, 4.019, 4.023, 4.026, 5.003, 5.013, 5.015, 5.017, 6.003, 6.025, 6.026, 6.040, 7.006, 7.008, 7.053, 7.054, 7.055, 7.056, 7.062, 7.066, 7.119, 7.128, 8.014, 8.022, 8.024, 8.035, 8.041, 8.042, 9.007, 9.067

Art. 47(1) 2.004, 2.014, 2.015, 2.022, 2.026, 2.032, 2.033, 3.034, 7.139

Art. 47(2) 2.032, 2.033

Art. 47(3) 2.032

Art. 51(1) 2.030

Art. 52(1) 2.022, 2.037, 2.038, 2.039, 2.041, 2.042, 2.043, 2.044, 2.048, 2.050, 2.051, 3.029, 3.030, 3.031, 3.039, 5.017, 6.040, 7.053, 7.055, 8.024

Art. 52(3) 2.026, 2.027, 2.037, 2.043

Euratom Treaty 1957

Art. 106a(1) 3.020

Art. 188(2) 3.020

European Coal and Steel Treaty 1951

Art. 34 4.008

Art. 40 4.008

Arts 65. 67 7.013

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950

Arts 3, 4 2.037

Art. 6 2.008

Art. 6(1) 2.032, 2.34, 5.026

Art. 8 2.048

Arts 9, 10, 11 2.040

Art. 13 2.008, 2.026, 2.027, 2.033, 3.034

Art. 35(1) 5.047, 6.049

EC Treaty

Arts 49, 50 8.017

Art. 81 7.024, 7.027, 7.028, 7.029, 7.030, 7.031, 7.032, 7.040, 7.118, 7.178

Art. 82 7.024, 7.040, 7.118

Art. 85 7.010, 7.017, 7.018, 7.019, 7.022, 7.023, 7.105

Art. 86 7.010

EEC Treaty 6.009

Art. 5 6.005

Art. 30 6.009

Art. 52 6.009

Art. 92 5.087

Art. 215(2) 3.006

Lisbon Treaty 2.030, 3.006

Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, Protocol (No 3) 2.010

Art. 20(5) 5.173

Art. 21. 3.024, 3.026, 3.029, 4.026

Art. 51. 3.023

Treaty on European Union (TEU)

Art. 4(3) 2.001, 2.008, 5.026

Art. 6(1) 2.030

Art. 19(1) 2.012, 2.013, 2.030, 7.139

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

Art. 4(3) 2.054, 6.005

Art. 18 8.011

Art. 34 6.009

Art. 45 8.002, 8.011, 8.034

Art. 49 6.009, 8.002, 8.011, 8.034

Art. 56 8.002, 8.011, 8.017, 8.034, 8.037

Art. 57 8.017

Art. 101 2.027, 7.010, 7.013, 7.023, 7.024, 7.038, 7.044, 7.048, 7.050, 7.056, 7.058, 7.061, 7.062, 7.065, 7.103, 7.105, 7.118, 7.119, 7.120, 7.124, 7.125, 7.126, 7.138, 7.139, 7.141, 7.143, 7.144, 7.145, 7.161, 7.178, 7.256, 8.009, 8.010, 8.011, 8.036

Art. 101(1) 7.141

Art. 101(3) 7.045, 7.050

Art. 102 7.010, 7.013, 7.044, 7.045, 7.048, 7.050, 7.058, 7.065, 7.103, 7.118, 7.119, 7.120, 7.125, 7.126, 7.141, 7.145, 7.161, 7.256, 8.009, 8.011, 8.034, 8.036

Art. 107 5.087

Art. 110 5.176

Art. 157 8.009

Art. 256 3.008, 3.048

Art. 258 5.149, 9.046, 9.047

Art. 259 9.046, 9.047

Art. 260(2) 5.149, 9.046, 9.047

Art. 263 9.047

Art. 265 9.047

Art. 267 1.046, 6.034

Art. 268 3.008, 3.023, 3.042

Art. 270 3.008

Art. 288(2) 8.009

Art. 289 2.041

Art. 289(3) 2.041

Art. 290 2.041

Art. 340(1) 3.002

Art. 340(2) 1.012, 1.047, 1.049, 1.051, 1.055, 2.003, 2.004, 2.016, 3.001–3.099, 3.102, 3.106, 3.112, 3.113, 3.114, 4.004, 4.012, 4.017, 4.019, 4.026, 4.028, 4.031, 4.033, 4.034, 4.035, 4.038, 5.161, 5.164, 6.003, 6.006, 6.009, 6.010, 6.012, 6.017, 6.029, 6.054, 6.072, 6.073, 6.078, 6.080, 6.092, 7.125, 7.134, 7.137, 7.147, 7.212, 7.236, 8.006, 9.007, 9.014, 9.019, 9.022, 9.023, 9.026, 9.030, 9.049, 9.068

Legislation

European Union Legislation

Regulations

Council Regulation (EEC) No 563/76 of 15 March 1976 on the compulsory purchase of skimmed-milk powder held by intervention agencies for use in feedingstuffs [1976] OJ L67/18 5.089, 5.090, 5.091

Art. 5 5.091

Council Regulation (EEC) No 1765/92 of 30 June 1992 establishing a support system for producers of certain arable crops [1992] OJ L181/12 5.167

Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty [2003] OJ L1/1 7.199

Art. 3 7.044

Art. 7(2) 7.127

Art. 16 7.135

Commission Regulation (EC) No 259/2008 of 18 March 2008 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1290/2005 as regards the publication of information on the beneficiaries of funds deriving from the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) [2008] OJ L76/28 2.041

Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) [2008] OJ L177/6 3.002

Art. 33 5.171

Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (recast) [2102] OJ L351/1

Art. 30 7.200

Directives

Council Directive 64/433/EEC of 26 June 1964 on health problems affecting intra-Community trade in fresh meat [1964] OJ 121/2012 6.031

Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions 2.025

Council Directive (Sixth) 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes [1977] OJ L145/1 2.124

Council Directive 79/7/EEC of 19 December 1978 on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security [1979] OJ L6/24 2.035, 2.036, 5.026

Council Directive (Second) 79/32/EEC of 18 December 1978 on taxes other than turnover taxes which affect the consumption of manufactured tobacco [1979] OJ L10/8 6.055

Council Directive 80/987/EEC of 20 October 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the protection of employees in the event of the insolvency of their employer [1980] OJ L283/23 6.037

Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment [1985] OJ L175/40, as amended by Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 [1997] OJ L73/5 and by Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 [2003] OJ L156/17 6.065, 6.066

Art. 3 6.067

Council Directive 90/314/EEC of 13 June 1990 on package travel, package holidays and package tours [1990] OJ L158/59 6.060, 6.061, 6.031

Art. 7 6.017

Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services [1997] OJ L18/1

Art. 3 8.017

Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin [2000] OJ L180/22

Art. 15 2.023

Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation [2000] OJ L303/16

Art. 17 2.203

Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights [2004] OJ L157/45

Art. 13 8.001

Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast) [2006] OJ L204/23

Art. 25 2.023

Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union [2014] OJ L349/1 1.024, 1.026, 1.049, 5.164, 6.092, 6.093, 7.004, 7.005, 7.010, 7.041, 7.043–7.054, 7.058, 7.065, 7.068, 7.103, 7.105, 7.109, 7.116, 7.123, 7.129, 7.133, 7.153, 7.154, 7.156, 7.157, 7.168, 7.169, 7.246, 7.257, 7.258, 8.017, 8.030, 8.032, 8.036, 8.058, 8.060, 9.006, 9.014, 9.016, 9.022, 9.027, 9.028, 9.034, 9.037, 9.042, 9.054, 9.055, 9.058, 9.068

Recital 3 7.065

Recital 6 7.068, 7.115

Recital 11 7.046, 7.048, 7.133, 7.146, 8.016, 9.011

Recital 12 7.247

Recital 13 7.065

Recital 38 1.022

Recital 39 7.247

Recital 40 7.198, 7.247

Recital 41 7.194, 7.214

Recital 43 7.052

Recital 44 7.202

Recital 45 7.116

Recital 46 7.164

Art. 1 7.043

Art. 1(1) 7.044

Art. 2 7.043, 7.201

Art. 2(1) 7.045, 7.251

Art. 2(2) 7.251

Art. 2(3) 7.044

Art. 2(24) 7.108, 7.119, 7.120, 7.121, 7.183, 9.006

Art. 3 7.043, 7.095, 7.115, 7.157, 7.158, 7.185

Art. 3(1) 7.045, 7.064, 7.066, 7.159, 9.019, 9.027

Art. 3(2) 7.159, 7.165, 7.247

Art. 3(3) 7.033, 7.058, 7.156, 7.230, 9.052

Art. 4 7.043, 7.057, 7.060

Ch. II 7.238, 7.250

Art. 5 7.152, 7.193, 7.197, 9.028

Art. 5(3) 9.028, 9.029

Arts 5–11 7.043, 7.152

Art. 6 7.193, 9.028

Art. 7 9.028

Ch. III 7.167

Art. 9 7.199, 7.238, 9.019

Art. 9(1) 7.203

Art. 9(2) 7.203

Art. 10(1)–(4) 7.167

Art. 11(1)–(3) 7.168

Art. 11(4)–(6) 1.022, 7.168

Ch. IV 7.182, 7.187, 7.203, 7.223

Art. 12 7.095, 7.115, 7.160, 7.182, 7.183, 7.184, 7.185, 7.189, 7.238, 8.058

Art. 12(1) 1.012, 7.051, 7.065, 7.067, 7.106, 7.106, 7.107, 7.119, 7.120, 7.183, 7.186, 7.230, 7.238, 7.241, 7.251, 7.256, 8.027, 9.006, 9.019, 9.023, 9.027, 9.032, 9.042

Art. 12(2) 7.186, 7.227, 7.230

Art. 12(3) 7.187, 7.247, 9.023

Art. 12(4) 1.022, 7.051, 7.122, 7.188

Art. 12(5) 7.186, 7.201, 7.238, 9.032

Art. 13 7.043, 7.115, 7.160, 7.182, 7.189, 7.190, 7.192, 7.193, 7.194, 7.202, 7.203, 7.217, 7.238, 9.014, 9.019, 9.054

Art. 14 1.026, 1.027, 3.067, 4.013, 5.179, 6.051, 7.085, 7.115, 7.182, 7.189, 7.191, 7.193, 7.194, 7.202, 7.203, 7.238

Art. 14(1) 7.101, 7.193, 7.194, 7.214

Art. 14(2) 7.114, 7.150, 7.151, 7.152, 7.182, 7.195–7.197, 7.209, 9.011

Art. 15 7.095, 7.182, 7.186, 7.199, 7.200, 7.201, 7.202, 7.203, 7.204, 7.238, 9.019

Art. 15(1) 7.081, 7.111, 7.195, 7.202, 7.204, 7.230, 7.241, 7.251, 9.019, 9.023, 9.027, 9.042

Art. 16 7.043, 7.182, 7.207, 7.208, 7.238

Art. 17–24 7.043

Art. 17 7.162, 7.163, 7.164

Art. 17(1) 7.164, 7.238

Art. 17(2) 7.133, 7.164, 7.195

Art. 17(3) 7.164, 7.239

Art. 20 7.254, 7.258

Art. 21 7.033, 7.043, 7.255

Art. 21(1) 7.119

Other

Commission Recommendation 2013/396/EU of 11 June 2013 on common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning violations of rights granted under Union Law [2013] OJ L 201/60 7.041, 7.205, 7.240, 7.252, 9.038

para. 31 7.159

Rules of Procedure of the General Court, consolidated version of the Rules of procedure of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities [1991] OJ L136/1 2.010, 3.024, 3.026

Art. 44(1)(e) 3.026

Art. 113 3.030

National Legislation

France

Code Civil

Art. 1376 8.049

Germany

BGB

§ 812 5.086

§ 839 6.018, 6.028, 6.031

United States

Clayton Act of 15 Oct 1914, 15 USC 7.068

§ 4 7.070, 7.071, 7.074, 7.159

§§ 12–27 7.050, 7.068

§ 15 7.070

Sherman Act of 2 July 1890, 15 USC 7.068, 7.223

§§ 1–7 7.050, 7.068

Official Documents

European Union Documents

Commission, ‘Communication from the Commission on quantifying harm in actions for damages based on breaches of Art. 101 or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union’ [2013] OJ C167/19 7.160, 7.165

paras 1–2 7.115, 7.159

paras 8–9 7.164

para. 10 7.165

para. 13 7.041, 7.165

Commission, ‘Green Paper on Damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules’ COM(2005) 672 final 7.024, 7.039, 7.147, 7.220, 7.236, 7.245

Commission, ‘Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Certain Rules Governing Actions for Damages under National Law for Infringements of the Competition Law Provisions of the Member States and of the European Union’, COM(2013) 404 final 7.041, 7.048, 7.068, 7.239, 7.242, 7.247

Recital 10 7.046

Art. 12(2) 7.204, 7.242

Art. 13(1) 7.194

Commission, ‘Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Common European Sales Law’ COM(2011) 635 final 5.062

Commission, ‘Staff Working Document Accompanying document to the White Paper on Damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules – Impact Assessment’ SEC(2008) 405 7.040

Commission, ‘Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment Report: Damages actions for breach of the EU antitrust rules’ SWD(2013) 203 final 7.039, 7.048, 7.068, 7.115, 7.159, 7.169

paras 157–171 7.195

Commission, ‘Staff Working Document – Practical Guide on quantifying harm in actions for damages based on breaches of Art. 101 or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union’ SWD(2013) 205 7.041, 7.160, 9.030

paras 38–48 7.166

paras 49–53 7.166

paras 54–55 7.166

paras 56–58 7.166

paras 97–105 7.166

paras 107–113 7.166

paras 114–118 7.166

para. 120 7.166

para. 128 7.247

para. 158 7.213

paras 161–179 7.208

para. 166 7.211

para. 168 7.085, 7.101, 7.114, 7.194, 7.213

para. 175 7.249

Commission, ‘Staff Working Paper accompanying the White Paper on Damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules’ SEC(2008) 404 5.164, 7.111, 7.115, 7.246

para. 22 7.187

para. 27 7.237

paras 172–188 8.017

paras 209–210 7.219

paras 210–212 7.228

para. 217 7.237, 7.247, 9.042

paras 221–275 7.237

Commission, ‘Staff Working Paper Annex to the Green Paper Damages action for breach of the EC antitrust rules’ SEC(2005) 1732 1.007, 7.039, 7.245

para. 161 7.236

paras 164–175 5.164

paras 165–167 7.236

para. 174 7.236

paras 179–180 7.247, 9.042

Commission, ‘White Paper on Damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules’ COM(2008) 165 final 7.040, 7.046, 7.047, 7.068, 7.081, 7.105, 7.111, 7.114, 7.218–7.210, 7.228, 7.236, 7.237, 7.246

European Parliament, ‘Position of the European Parliament adopted at first reading on 17 April 2014 with a view to the adoption of Directive 2014/.../EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union’, T7–0451/2014 (Procedure file 2013/0185(COD)) 7.042

USA Documents

Antitrust Modernization Commission, ‘Report and Recommendations’ (2007) 1.045, 7.081, 7.085, 7.102, 7.111, 7.159, 7.239, 9.039

Other Documents

Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) 1.050, 3.071, 4.016, 4.029, 4.030, 5.007, 5.053, 5.058, 5.065, 5.067, 7.220, 8.049, 8.053, 9.010

Art. II.–7:212 4.020

Art. II.–7:303 4.020

Art. III.–3:510–3:514 4.020, 5.062

Art. VI.–5:102(1) 3.087

Art. VI.–6:103 3.086

Book VII. 8.055

Art. VII.–1:101(1) 4.023

Art. VII.–3:102(2) 4.036, 8.053, 8.054

Art. VII.–4:101 4.029, 5.007, 5.058, 8.048, 9.012

Art. VII.–5:101–5:1045.062

Art. VII.–5:104 5.067, 9.017

Art. VII.–6:101 5.062, 5.065

Art. VII.–7:103 5.052

3850–51 5.053, 8.049

3852 5.053, 8.049

3860–65 5.053

4044 8.055

4016 8.055

4017 8.055

4035 5.059, 5.183

4036 4.030, 8.048, 9.012

4037 4.030, 9.012

4039–4042 9.012