Conflict of Laws and the Internet
Pedro de Miguel Asensio
absence of choice, and contracts see choice of law, contracts, applicable law in absence of choice; jurisdiction, contracts, absence of choice
advertising
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.04
and trademarks, designs and patents see unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, advertising
ALI (American Law Institute) Principles 4.16, 4.105, 4.117, 4.122, 5.115, 5.199
alternative dispute resolution 1.05, 1.12, 1.17, 1.23
alternative dispute resolution, contracts 6.200–222
consumer access 6.203
EU E-Commerce Directive 6.201
European Small Claims Procedure Regulation 6.202
online intermediation services and complaint handling 6.204, 6.208
see also contracts
alternative dispute resolution, contracts, arbitration 6.212–222
agreements concluded by electronic means 6.214
B2B 6.212–215
B2C 6.216–222
B2C, annulment of awards 6.221
New York Convention 6.212–214
state court litigation comparison 6.215
UNCITRAL Model Law 6.214, 6.215
alternative dispute resolution, contracts, mediation 6.205–211
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 6.210
consumers’ right to access to justice 6.206–207
cross-border enforceability 6.209–210
alternative dispute resolution, domain names 5.48–51
ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) 1.77, 5.16–19, 5.25, 5.26–47, 5.50–51
Amirmahani, A. 2.47
antitrust law, 1.95, 1.135, 2.67, 3.113, 5.145, 5.146, 5.150, 5.171, 5.189–5.193, 6.189, 6.194
applicable law 1.78–100
contracts and party autonomy 1.79, 1.82
global comparisons 1.95–100
harmonization issues 1.96
lex loci protectionis principle 1.95
market effects rule 1.95
non-contractual obligations 1.97, 1.98
party autonomy 1.95
public interest law (PIL) systems 1.99
Rome I and Rome II Regulations see Rome I and Rome II Regulations
self-regulation 1.95
substantive rules 1.78
see also choice of law
arbitration, alternative dispute resolution see alternative dispute resolution, contracts, arbitration
Australia
Dow Jones & Co. v. Gutnick 1.114, 3.112
Macquarie Bank v. Berg 3.152
Barlow, J. 1.02
barter contracts 6.168
Basedow, J. 1.08, 1.99, 4.12, 4.16, 4.47, 4.67, 4.103, 4.104, 5.189, 5.193, 6.183
Berne Convention, copyright law 4.01–02, 4.03, 4.05, 4.07, 4.10, 4.12–13, 4.14, 4.48, 4.66, 4.99, 4.121
Bettinger, T. 5.18, 5.19, 5.28, 5.56, 5.57, 5.60
Biegel, S. 1.15
Bizer, A. 3.138
blockchain technologies see classification, contracts, DLT and blockchain technologies
blocking access to damaging content, service provider intermediaries 2.46
blocking injunctions 2.84, 3.127, 4.88, 4.160, 5.86
Born, G. 1.65, 1.103, 1.113, 6.87
branch operations 1.52, 2.15, 2.90, 3.82–83, 6.36, 6.125, 6.128, 6.151
Brand, R. 1.32, 1.76, 1.99, 1.118
Bridy, A. 2.48
Brkan, N. 3.78, 3.79, 3.88, 3.94, 3.134
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.33–61, 1.63
alternative jurisdiction rules 1.46
branch agency disputes 1.52
choice of law, contracts 6.157
choice of law, copyright law 4.40, 4.91–95, 4.134, 4.148, 4.150
choice of law, trademarks, designs and patents 5.116, 5.117
civil claim for damages or restitution based on criminal proceedings 1.51
classification, contracts 6.20, 6.30, 6.32–37, 6.42–68
coordination of proceedings 1.57–61
defendant domiciled in Member State 1.37, 1.46, 1.47
defendant not domiciled in Member State 1.36–40
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), civil claims against a controller or processor 3.78, 3.79, 3.80, 3.82, 3.84, 3.85, 3.89–95
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights 3.115–118, 3.119, 3.125
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights and defamation 3.137, 3.154, 3.159–160, 3.163–164
EU Geo-blocking Regulation 2.42, 2.43
exclusive jurisdiction 1.42–45
foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement, copyright law 4.155, 4.163, 4.164, 4.170
forum non conveniens doctrine 1.72
jurisdiction, contracts 6.70–83, 6.86, 6.88, 6.90, 6.91–95
jurisdiction, contracts, absence of choice 6.91–100, 6.105–118, 6.122, 6.125–134
jurisdiction, copyright law, place where damage occurred 4.71–74, 4.77, 4.81–84
jurisdiction, copyright law, potentially unlimited jurisdiction, grounds for 4.52, 4.54–61, 4.63
legal certainty principle 1.48
lis pendens rules 1.57–58, 1.60–61
and Lugano Convention 1.35, 1.38, 1.43, 1.45, 1.52, 1.54, 1.117, 1.125, 1.131–132
mosaic approach 1.50
multiple defendant forum 1.53–54
and national laws 1.36, 1.38–41
national rights, trademarks, designs and patents 5.67–69, 5.71, 5.82, 5.84, 5.85, 5.89
parallel proceedings provisions 1.57–59
provisional measures, rules for adoption of 1.55–56, 1.128
recognition and enforcement, private international law 1.103, 1.109, 1.117, 1.125–130, 1.131
special jurisdiction 1.40, 1.48–54
torts and illegal content 2.66, 2.68–71, 2.80
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.147–151, 5.153, 5.155–157, 5.166, 5.192
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.198, 5.215, 5.217, 5.218
unitary rights, trademarks, designs and patents 5.92–93, 5.95, 5.96–97, 5.101, 5.105, 5.106, 5.108, 5.109, 5.110, 5.116
Budiardjo, L. 4.22
see also trademarks, designs and patents
Cachard, O. 2.24
Calliess, G. 2.97, 6.40, 6.135
Canada
Douez v. Facebook 6.87
Google v. Equustek 1.114, 4.45, 5.202
Haaretz v. Goldhar 3.112, 3.131–133, 3.149
Pro Swing v. Elta Golf 1.107, 4.69, 4.157
Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Canadian Assn.of Internet Providers 4.50
Uniform Electronic Commerce Act 6.08
Cavanillas Múgica, S. 2.65
centre of interest
‘habitual residence’ of data subject comparison 3.87
and personality rights 3.119–124, 4.64–67
and unfair competition 5.154
Chang, H. 3.38
characteristic performance doctrine, contracts 6.152, 6.157, 6.159–164
children and minors 2.09, 2.22, 2.24, 2.60, 2.62, 3.05, 3.13, 3.15, 3.17, 3.22, 6.178
choice of law, contracts 6.135–199
characterization 6.180–186
content disputes 6.175–177
contract invalidity and lack of capacity 6.178
contracts with a weaker party and consumer protection 6.143–146
copyright licensing challenges and moral rights 6.184–186
country in which performance takes place 6.134, 6.174
data protection legislation 6.181
Digital Single Market 6.186
formation and validity of contract 6.173–179
freedom of choice 6.135–138
habitual residence of the parties focus 6.177
Hague Principles 6.139
lex loci protectionis 6.183, 6.186
licensing 6.103, 6.109–111, 6.156–158, 6.161–163, 6.166–168, 6.182–186
minors, contracts involving 6.178
non-state rules, significance of 6.139–142
overriding mandatory rules, third country law 6.195–199
overriding mandatory rules, third country law, location of the relevant place of business 6.198
party autonomy 6.135–146, 6.138, 6.144, 6.146
public interests protection 6.138
Rome I Regulation 6.135, 6.137–138, 6.139, 6.140, 6.141, 6.142, 6.143, 6.146, 6.173, 6.178, 6.180
Rome II Regulation 6.181, 6.182
social networks and platforms 6.139–142
translated version of the agreement 6.176
unfair competition 6.181
choice of law, contracts, applicable law in absence of choice 6.147–172
barter contracts 6.168
Brussels I Regulation 6.157
characteristic performance doctrine 6.152, 6.157, 6.159–164
contracts with a weaker party 6.170–172
developer-publisher licence agreements 6.164
development contracts 6.163
distribution contract 5.145, 6.103, 6.153, 6.157
escape clause and default rule 6.165–169, 6.172
franchise contract 6.153
habitual residence of the parties focus 6.147, 6.149, 6.151–154, 6.156, 6.157, 6.159, 6.162, 6.169, 6.170–171
individual contracts of employment 6.172
joint development agreements 6.164
production and supply contracts 6.163
provision of services contract 6.152, 6.157–158, 6.163
proximity principle 6.148, 6.165
publishing agreements 6.163
Rome I Regulation 6.147–150, 6.153, 6.154, 6.157, 6.159, 6.165–166, 6.167–170, 6.172
sale of goods by auction contract 6.155
sale of goods contract 6.152, 6.157, 6.163, 6.171
tenancy of immovable property 6.38, 6.154, 6.167
transfer or license of IP rights 6.156–158, 6.161–163, 6.166, 6.167, 6.168
choice of law, contracts, overriding mandatory rules and public policy 6.187–199
data protection 6.194
Digital Single Market 6.191
fairness and transparency for business users 6.192–193
forum law 6.187–194
public security restrictions 6.193
Rome I Regulation 6.188, 6.189, 6.190, 6.191, 6.193, 6.195–196
self-employed commercial agents 6.190
choice of law, copyright law 4.96–151
‘act of communication to the public’ concept 4.125
ALI Principles 4.16, 4.105, 4.117, 4.122
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 4.40, 4.134, 4.148, 4.150
CLIP (Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property) Principles 4.16, 4.107, 4.110, 4.117, 4.124
employment relationship or service contract 4.107
EU Digital Single Market Directive 4.19, 4.38, 4.125, 4.132–136, 4.150
foreign law and national treatment 4.120
geo-blocking effects 4.113, 4.127
information dissemination issues 4.111–115
initial ownership or authorship 4.102, 4.103–108
intermediaries and information dissemination 4.114
intermediary service providers’ liability 4.121–129
lex originis 4.102, 4.104, 4.105
non-contractual obligation 4.97
parallel download of works protected by copyright 4.113
party autonomy 4.108
Rome II Regulation and lex loci protectionis 4.96–105, 4.109–113, 4.116–123, 4.126, 4.128, 4.131, 4.133, 4.137–138, 4.142, 4.144, 4.151
Rome II Regulation and lex loci protectionis, alternatives 4.116–120
single copyright title suggestion 4.116–120, 4.124, 4.142–143
ubiquitous infringements 4.109–129, 4.151
uniform rules 4.96–108, 4.142–143
see also copyright
choice of law, copyright law, Digital Single Market 4.130–151
country of origin principle 4.35, 4.130–132, 4.135, 4.142–151
cross-border portability of online content services 4.139–141
cross-border teaching activities 4.137
cultural heritage institutions 4.137
enforcement against foreign providers 4.149
EU E-commerce Directive 4.130, 4.145–146, 4.148
harmonization target 4.142–144, 4.147
internal market rule 2.30, 2.32, 2.34, 2.35, 4.118, 4.144, 4.145–146, 4.148–149, 4.151
third States, copyrights granted by 4.151
choice of law, trademarks, designs and patents 5.01–08, 5.58–60, 5.111–128
ALI Principles 5.115
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 5.116, 5.117
copyright comparison 5.113, 5.115, 5.116
‘country in which the act of infringement was committed’ concept 4.119, 5.103, 5.125–128
geolocation technology use 5.119, 5.121
mere accessibility and significant effect 5.121, 5.122
multilateral treaties 5.112
multiple country infringements 2.80, 5.115
non-contractual obligation 5.113–116, 5.124
Rome II Regulation 5.113, 5.116, 5.120, 5.123, 5.124, 5.126, 5.127
substantive law interaction 5.117–122
territoriality and lex loci protectionis 5.111–116, 5.118, 5.123
third states and unitary rights 5.128
ubiquitous infringement 5.115
unitary rights 5.123–128
WIPO Joint Recommendation 5.121
civil claims against a controller or processor see EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), civil claims against a controller or processor
CJEU
AB ‘flyLAL-Lithuanian Airlines’ 1.85, 5.152, 5.157, 5.191
AIRBNB Ireland 2.04, 2.08, 2.22, 2.35
Alassini 6.207
Alpine Investments 5.188
Amazon.com International Sales 4.26
AMS Neve 5.104–105
Apostolides, 3.163
Apple Sales International 5.146, 5.152, 6.80
Aqua Med 6.85
ARD, 5.188
Art & Allposters International 4.36
Asbeek Brusse and de man Garabito 6.26
ASML 1.129
Asociación Profesional Élite Taxi 2.07–08, 2.23, 2.35, 5.144
Asturcom Telecomunicaciones 6.190, 6.221
Baltic Media Alliance 2.23, 2.24
Bastei Lübbe 4.32
Bavarian Lager 3.01
Bayerische Motoren Werke 5.91, 5.93, 5.106, 5.133, 5.145, 5.150
Belgian Electronic Sorting Technology 5.22, 5.23, 5.133, 5.143, 5.144
Benincasa/Dentalkit 6.44
BergSpechte 5.11
BestWater International 4.22, 4.125
Betriebsrat der Ruhrlandklinik 6.89
BGL BNP Paribas 6.69
Bier 2.73
Bolagsupplysningen 1.50, 2.79, 2.80, 2.84, 3.92, 3.112, 3.119–123, 3.125–127, 4.64, 4.86–88, 5.86–87, 5.154, 5.156, 5.197
Bond van Adverteerders 5.188
Bonnier 2.57, 3.03, 4.31, 4.45, 4.174
Breyer 3.06
BVG 1.43
C More Entertainment 4.24
Car Trim 6.101, 6.102, 6.104, 6.113, 6.114, 6.124
Castelletti 6.74
CDC Hydrogen Peroxide 1.54, 4.57, 5.152, 5.192, 6.80
Česká spořitelna 6.43, 6.44, 6.93, 6.97, 6.120
ClientEarth and PAN Europe 3.06
Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda 5.188
Concurrence 2.79, 2.82, 5.146, 5.150, 5.157–158, 5.160, 5.191
Content Services 6.17
Copydan Båndkopi 4.26
Corman-Collins 6.100, 6.102, 6.103
Coty Germany 1.50, 2.73, 2.82, 5.91, 5.101–103, 5.104, 5.150, 5.151, 5.152, 5.153, 5.159
Courage 5.146
Custom Made Commercial/Stawa Metallbau 6.98
Da Silva Martins 1.85
Daimler 5.11
Danosa 6.89
Data Protection Commissioner 3.34
De Agostini y TV-Shop 5.188
De Bloos v. Bouyer 6.98
Denilauler 4.163
Deutsche Grammophon 4.36
deutsche internet versicherung 2.11, 2.12
DHL Express France 1.107, 4.68, 4.70, 4.168, 5.196, 5.208, 5.210, 5.212, 5.215, 5.216
Diageo Brands 1.130, 3.163, 5.218
Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger 3.03, 3.06
Douwe Egberts 5.188
Dumez 2.78
eDate Advertising 1.50, 2.05, 2.14, 2.22, 2.32, 2.34, 2.36, 2.73, 2.79, 2.81, 3.87, 3.92, 3.112, 3.117–118, 3.121, 3.123–125, 3.141, 3.151, 4.64–66, 4.86, 4.145, 5.87–88, 5.154, 5.156, 5.184–185, 6.12
Effer v. Kantner 6.93
EGEDA 4.26
Electrosteel Europe 6.113
Emrek 6.58
ERGO Insurance and Gjensidige Baltic 1.85
Estasis Saloti di Colzani 6.76
Falco Privatstiftung and Rabitsch 1.42, 6.103, 6.111, 6.158
Farrell 4.74
Fashion ID 3.01, 3.03, 3.38, 3.76, 3.90
flyLAL-Lithuanian Airlines 1.85, 1.130, 3.163, 5.152, 5.157, 5.191
Folien Fischer and Fofitec 2.72, 2.73, 3.92, 3.95, 4.50, 4.63, 5.106
Football Dataco 2.83, 4.61, 4.82, 4.112, 4.136
G 1.40, 1.41, 2.14, 2.17, 2.70
Galileo Lebensmittel 5.17
Gambazzi 1.120
Gasser 1.58
GIE Groupe Concorde 1.48, 4.74, 6.98
Glawischnig-Piesczek 1.17, 2.57, 3.59, 3.127, 3.152
Google France 2.05, 2.53, 2.55, 4.45, 5.11, 5.204, 5.218
Google (Portée territoriale du déréférencement) 1.17, 1.26, 3.03, 3.04, 3.15, 3.46, 3.48, 3.57, 3.60
Google Spain and Google 3.01, 3.03, 3.04, 3.15, 3.38, 3.40, 3.46, 3.55–56, 3.57, 3.60
Gothaer 1.127
Gourmet International Products 5.188
Granarolo 1.37, 3.80, 6.93, 6.100, 6.103
H. Gautzsch Groβhandel 5.123
Haeger & Schmidt 6.165
Hanssen Beleggingen 1.43, 5.71
Hansson 4.21
Hedqvist 6.68
Hejduk 2.73, 2.75, 2.79, 2.81, 3.118, 3.126, 4.35, 4.50, 4.62, 4.71, 4.73–75, 4.77, 4.82, 4.84–85, 4.146, 5.90, 5.105, 5.156
Henkel 2.73, 5.150, 6.41, 6.72, 6.94
Hewlett-Packard Belgium 4.26
Hi Hotel HCF 4.56
Hobohm 6.60
Holterman Ferho Exploitatie 6.88
Huawei Technologies 5.145
Hummel Holding 5.91, 5.92, 5.94
Hydrogen Peroxide 1.54, 4.57, 5.152, 5.192, 6.80
Hypoteční banka 1.40, 1.129, 2.69, 2.70, 2.72
ICF 6.165
IHT Internationale Heiztechnik and Danzinger 5.63
Infopaq 4.27
Ingmar 6.190
Interflora and Interflora British Unit 5.11
Internetportal 5.51
IPI 3.17
Jehovan todistajat 3.38
Kainz 2.76
Kalfelis 1.50, 1.54, 4.50, 6.94
Kareda 1.85, 6.103, 6.118, 6.123
Ker-Optika 2.04, 2.05, 2.10, 2.26
Kerr 6.158
Koelzsch 6.172
Kone 5.189
Konstantinides 5.188
Laezza 5.188
Lease Plan Luxembourg/BelgischeStaat 2.15
Lebek 1.129
Leventis and Vafeias 1.45, 6.75
Liberato 1.129
Liffers 4.21
Lindqvist 3.03, 3.08, 3.17, 3.38
L’Oréal 2.05, 2.53, 2.55, 2.64, 4.45, 4.110, 5.58, 5.62, 5.122, 5.204
McFadden 2.04, 2.53, 2.54, 2.56, 4.32, 4.45, 4.88, 4.158, 4.174, 5.184, 5.205
Manfredi 5.146
Manni 3.06
Marinari 2.78
Meeth 6.71
Menini and Rampanelli 6.207, 6.217
Merck 5.57
Mercredi 3.86
Milivojević 6.44
MSG/Les Gravières Rhénanes 1.45, 6.75, 6.97, 6.120
Mulox IBC/Geels 6.88
New Media Online 2.09
Nikiforidis 6.199
Nintendo 1.54, 4.57, 5.80, 5.83, 5.91, 5.96, 5.99, 5.103, 5.122–126, 5.208, 5.210, 5.215
Nipponkoa 3.95
O2 5.130
Océano Grupo Editorial 6.26, 6.85, 6.86, 6.221
ÖFAB 1.48
Owusu 1.36, 1.48, 1.72, 2.69, 5.183
Padawan 4.26
Pammer and Hotel Alpenhof 2.43, 3.51, 5.60, 5.177, 6.58, 6.59
Papasavvas 2.04, 2.05, 2.36, 2.53, 2.55, 3.144
Pelham 4.29
Peters 6.93
Peugeot Deutschland 2.09
Philips 5.65
Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique 5.145
Pillar Securitisation 6.37
Pinckney 2.79, 2.81, 4.35, 4.65, 4.71–76, 4.82, 4.84, 5.87, 5.90, 5.105, 5.154, 5.156
Pippig 5.130
Planet 49 3.13
Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft 5.141
Portakabin 5.11
Procureur-Generaal bij de Hoge Raad der Nederlanden 5.198
Profit Investment SIM 6.74
Promusicae 4.30
Public Relations Consultants Association 4.25
Ranks and VasiĮevičs 4.23, 4.36
Realchemie Nederland 1.108, 1.127
Rehder 6.116
Renault 4.170
Roche Nederland 1.54, 4.57, 4.58, 5.74, 5.80–81, 5.99
RTL Televisión 5.188
Ryneš 3.38
SABAM 2.05, 2.57, 4.31, 4.45, 4.174
Säger 5.188
Satakunnan Markkinapörssi and Satamedia 3.38
Scarlet Extended 2.05, 2.53, 3.03, 4.31, 4.45, 4.174
Schrems 3.01, 3.03, 3.33, 3.78, 3.85, 3.94, 6.41, 6.48–51
SGAE v. Rafael Hoteles 4.27
Shearson Lehman Hutton/TVB 6.41, 6.43, 6.44
Shenavai v. Kreischer 6.88, 6.99
Shevill 1.50, 2.73, 3.116, 3.117, 3.126, 4.86, 5.193
Skanska Industrial Solutions 5.189
slewo 6.17
SNB-REACT 5.204
Solvay 5.76
Stichting Brein 2.55
Stichting Brein [Filmspeler] 4.22
Stichting Brein [Ziggo] 4.22, 4.27, 4.45, 4.125
Stichting de Thuiskopie 4.26
Stowarzyszenie ‘Oławska Telewizja Kablowa’ 4.21, 4.172
Sunico 3.79
Tacconi 6.93
Taser International 1.44
Tatry/Maciej Rataj 1.54, 2.77, 4.63
Technische Universität Darmstadt 4.26
Telekomunikacja Polska 5.142
Tessili v. Dunlop 6.98
Tod’s 4.12
Tommy Hilfiger Licensing 4.45, 5.205
Unamar 6.190
Universal Music International Holding 2.78
UPC Telekabel Wien 4.32, 4.45, 4.88, 4.159, 4.174
UsedSoft 4.23, 4.36, 6.109, 6.110
Van Uden 1.55, 1.56, 4.91, 4.93, 4.94
Vanderborght 2.04, 2.36, 5.141, 5.184, 5.185, 5.187, 5.188
Vapenik 6.43
Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb 5.142, 5.171, 5.172
Verein für Konsumenteninformation 1.85, 1.88, 1.91, 2.44, 3.21, 3.45–46, 3.83, 3.105, 5.144, 5.170, 5.174–175, 6.25, 6.38–39, 6.145, 6.158, 6.181, 6.194
Vereniging Openbare Bibliotheken 4.23
Voogsgeerd 6.172
Walbusch Walter Busch 6.17
Weltimmo 3.26, 3.40, 3.45, 3.46, 3.62, 3.83
Wind Tre and Vodafone Italia 5.142
Wintersteiger 2.73–75, 2.79, 2.83, 3.118, 4.46, 4.61–62, 4.65, 4.74, 4.134, 5.83–84, 5.87, 5.88, 5.117, 5.152, 5.154, 6.121
Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein 3.38, 3.40, 3.62, 3.84
Wood Floor Solutions Andreas Domberger 6.116, 6.117, 6.123
Zelger v. Salinitri 6.97, 6.120
Zino Davidoff and Levi Strauss 4.36, 5.61
Zuid-Chemie 2.78
see also EU headings
classification, contracts 6.30–69
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 6.20, 6.30, 6.32–37, 6.42–68
collaborative economy and P2P transactions 6.52–56
consumer contract exclusions 6.37–39, 6.64
consumer protection 6.33, 6.35–41
consumer protection organizations, claims brought by 6.41
consumer/trader contract 6.42–51
consumer/trader distinction 6.46–56
country of the consumer’s domicile concept 6.57–62
country where the services are supplied, understanding of 6.39–40
dual purpose contracts 6.45, 6.47
and geo-blocking 6.62
‘place of performance of the obligation’ 6.31
Rome I Regulation 6.30, 6.32–33, 6.37–40, 6.42, 6.51–53, 6.55–58, 6.62, 6.67, 6.68
Rome II Regulation 6.35
social networks and platform economy 6.46–56, 6.61
special protection rules 6.58
targeting criterion 6.57–62
classification, contracts, DLT and blockchain technologies 1.04, 1.06, 6.63–69
central administrator location 6.65
cryptocurrencies and virtual assets 6.68–69
encoding issues 6.67
and party autonomy 6.64
smart contracts 6.63–67
Clemmer, C. 2.48
‘click-wrapping’ method, contracts jurisdiction 6.78
CLIP (Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property) Principles 4.16, 4.107, 4.110, 4.117, 4.124, 5.115, 5.199
cloud services 1.06, 1.14, 2.59, 2.83, 3.32, 3.36
collaborative economy and P2P transactions 6.52–56
collective redress, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.76–78, 3.84, 3.94
Collins of Mapesbury, Lord 1.101, 2.95, 2.98, 3.143, 6.135
competition see unfair competition
computer programs, copyright law 4.05, 4.23
consumer contracts 6.37–39, 6.64, 6.81–87, 6.203
consumer protection
contracts 6.33, 6.35–41, 6.143–146
data protection and personality rights, US 3.05
EU Consumer Rights Directive 6.14–18
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.11, 2.27, 2.30, 2.57
EU Geo-blocking Regulation 2.43
consumer protection organizations 6.41, 6.72
alternative dispute resolution see alternative dispute resolution, contracts
Brussels I Regulation Recast 6.20
choice of law see choice of law, contracts
classification see classification, contracts
EU Contracts for the Sale of Goods Directive 6.19–21, 6.23
EU Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services Directive 6.19–23
EU E-Commerce Directive see EU E-Commerce Directive, contracts
EU Unfair Contract Terms Directive 6.24–26
harmonization measures 6.19–20, 6.24
jurisdiction see jurisdiction, contracts
legal certainty principle 6.02, 6.70, 6.92, 6.138, 6.148, 6.165
platform economy and intermediation services 6.27–29
Rome I Regulation 6.20
sale of goods and supply of digital content and services 6.19–23
‘writing’ requirement 1.45, 6.05, 6.06, 6.13, 6.30, 6.76–78, 6.179, 6.211, 6.214
controller or processor requirements, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.16, 3.21, 3.24–26, 3.68–109
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 3.78, 3.79, 3.80, 3.82, 3.84, 3.85, 3.89–95
collective redress and large number of data subjects 3.76–78, 3.84, 3.94
establishment as a ground of jurisdiction 3.81–85
establishment as a ground of jurisdiction, branch operations 3.82–83
establishments in more than one Member State 3.68–70, 4.63–64
EU ‘New Deal’ legislative package 3.77
‘habitual residence’ of data subject 3.86–88
judicial remedies for supervisory authority complaints 3.71–74
lis pendens rules and related actions 3.95, 3.96–102
margin of appreciation 3.99
multiple defendant forum 3.92
national rules interplay 3.89–95
non-contractual claims 3.92, 3.108–109
parallel proceedings prevention 3.102
personality rights infringement 3.80, 3.92, 3.160
private enforcement 3.75–80
recognition and enforcement of judgments 3.100
right to privacy 3.90
supervisory powers 3.61–63
territorial scope and choice of law 103.9
Cooper, D. 3.26
coordination of proceedings, Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.57–61
copyright law 1.07, 1.108, 4.01–176
Berne Convention 4.01–02, 4.03, 4.05, 4.07, 4.10, 4.12–13, 4.14, 4.48, 4.66, 4.99, 4.121
Brussels I Regulation (recast) 4.91–95
choice of law see choice of law, copyright law
‘communication to the public’ concept 4.22, 4.45
country of origin principle 4.35
exhaustion of copyright 4.04, 4.23, 4.36
foreign judgments see foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement, copyright law
free trade agreements 4.08, 4.36
fundamental rights 4.29–33
intermediary freedom issues 4.31
international protection 4.01–17
jurisdiction see jurisdiction, copyright law
legal certainty principle 4.19, 4.27, 4.59, 4.121, 4.130, 4.143
licensing challenges and moral rights 6.184–186
Lugano Convention 4.46, 4.47, 4.79
minimum standards of protection of the rights of authors 4.03, 4.07, 4.10, 4.12, 4.21
most-favoured-nation principle 4.04
multilateral agreements, shortcomings 4.11–12, 4.16–17
national fragmentation effects 4.34–40
national treatment principle 4.01–03, 4.04, 4.10, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15
online sharing platforms 4.19, 4.22, 4.27, 4.125
P2P file-sharing 4.32
registered and non-registered IP rights, distinction between 4.02
rental rights 4.05
rental rights for computer programs and cinematographic works 4.05, 4.07
reproduction 4.03, 4.07, 4.19, 4.25, 4.26
safe harbour immunities and EU E-Commerce Directive 2.58–59
trademarks, designs and patents comparison 5.79, 5.90, 5.113, 5.115, 5.116, 5.216
and unfair competition 5.129
unitary copyright title proposal 4.38–40, 4.142
visually impaired people provisions 4.07
website hyperlinks 4.22
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 4.07, 4.18
WTO TRIPS Agreement 4.04–06, 4.07, 4.10, 4.12, 4.13, 4.21, 4.27
see also intellectual property rights; trademarks, designs and patents
counterfeit goods 4.08, 5.64–66
country of origin principle
copyright law, Digital Single Market 4.35, 4.130–132, 4.135, 4.142–151
EU E-Commerce Directive see EU E-Commerce Directive, country of origin principle
torts and illegal content 2.63
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.181–188
country where the services are supplied, understanding of 6.39–40
country in which the act of infringement was committed concept 4.119, 5.103, 5.125–128
country in which performance takes place 6.134, 6.174
credit agreement and provision of services 6.118
cross-border activities
copyright law, Digital Single Market 4.137, 4.139–141
trademarks, designs and patents 5.57–66
cross-border processing, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.61–74
cooperation procedure 3.67, 3.72, 3.74
cross-border processing definition 3.64–65
establishments in more than one Member State 3.63–64, 3.68–70
forum shopping ban 3.70
one-stop-shop mechanism implementation 3.66–70, 3.81
supervisory powers 3.61–63
cross-border transfers of data, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.29–36
EU-US Privacy Shield 3.33
free flow of data in EU 3.29–31
right to privacy 3.29
transfers of personal data to third countries 3.32–36
Cruquenaire, A. 5.30
cryptocurrencies and virtual assets, DLT and blockchain technologies 6.68–69
cultural heritage institutions, and copyright law 4.137
cyberlaw 1.01–13
codes of conduct between professional bodies and associations 1.04, 1.08, 1.10
contract law 1.10
and copyright 1.07
dispute resolution mechanisms 1.05, 1.12
FRAND commitments 1.08
intellectual property rights 1.07, 1.11–12
licensing 1.08
multiple cross-border licences 1.04
national jurisdiction 1.03, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.13
open source software 1.04, 1.08
party autonomy 1.09–10
platforms and social networks and service providers 1.05–1.06, 1.08, 1.10
self-regulation consideration 1.03, 1.10, 1.11, 1.13
technical infrastructure control issues 1.03, 1.12
and telecommunication services provision 1.06
territorial jurisdictions, alternatives and challenges 1.01–07
trademark protection 1.12
Czech Republic, Czech Trade Promotion Agency v. J.K. and CzechTrade Internet 5.144
data processing contracts 6.106
data protection see EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
data protection, and contracts 6.106, 6.181, 6.194
De Beer, J. 2.48
De Filippi, D. 1.04, 1.06, 6.63, 6.66
De la Chapelle, B 1.16
De Lima Pinheiro, L. 3.21, 3.28
De Vasconcelos Casimiro, S. 3.02
derivative works, and copyright 6.185
designs see under trademarks, designs and patents
Determann, L. 4.36
development contracts 6.163
Dickinson, A. 1.38, 1.99, 2.33, 2.86, 3.108, 6.65, 6.68, 6.69, 6.139, 6.198
‘digital content’ classification, and contracts 6.106–110
Digital Single Market
and choice of copyright law see choice of law, copyright law, Digital Single Market
choice of law, contracts 6.186, 6.191
Dinwoodie, G. 2.47, 4.39, 4.70, 4.123, 5.25, 5.133
distance contract 6.15–16, 6.17
distribution contract 5.145, 6.103, 6.153, 6.157
DLT and blockchain technologies see classification, contracts, DLT and blockchain technologies
domain names, trademarks, designs and patents 5.15–56
advertising and unfair competition 5.143, 5.144
Domain Name System (DNS) 5.15–19
eu. domain names 5.48–56, 5.63
eu. domain names, alternative dispute resolution 5.48–51
eu. domain names, national courts jurisdiction and choice of law 5.52–56
ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) 1.03, 1.12, 1.77, 5.16–19, 5.25, 5.26–47, 5.50–51
ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), limited scope and effect 5.28–31, 5.33, 5.34, 5.46
ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), national court role and jurisdiction considerations 5.37, 5.39, 5.40–47
and intellectual property rights 5.20–25
provisional measures 5.29
second-level domain names 5.17, 5.18, 5.21, 5.22
seizure issues, US, private international law 1.71
top level domains (TLD) 5.17–19, 5.21, 5.26, 5.48
trademark owner disputes 5.21, 5.23–25
domicile issues
and copyright law 4.52–59
defendant domiciled in a Member State, Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.37, 1.46, 1.47
defendant not domiciled in a Member State, Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.36–40
torts and illegal content 2.69–70, 2.72–73
US, private international law 1.67
see also habitual residence
dominant position abuse, trademarks, designs and patents 5.145, 5.150
double instruments 1.117
Drexl, J. 4.08, 4.11, 4.97, 4.99, 4.100, 4.109, 5.03, 5.14, 5.112, 5.125, 5.167, 5.171, 5.181, 6.183
due process analysis, US, private international law 1.65, 1.68, 1.70, 3.130, 3.157, 6.133
‘effects test’ for establishing personal jurisdiction, US, private international law 1.70, 3.130
electronic mail 2.12, 2.19, 2.75
electronic signatures 6.03, 6.04–09, 6.11, 6.13
employment contracts 4.107, 6.88–90, 6.172
see also self-employment
escape clause 2.91, 6.165–169, 6.172
establishment
as ground of jurisdiction, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.81–85
or habitual residence of the recipient, and contracts 6.121
in more than one Member State 3.63–64, 3.68–70
place of establishment and territorial constraints, EU E-Commerce Directive 2.14–20
service provider and contracts 6.121, 6.122–123
see also ‘place’ headings
Esteve, A. 3.37
EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2.09, 2.23, 2.24, 2.29, 4.131–132, 4.135, 4.148
EU Brussels I Regulation (Recast) see Brussels I Regulation (Recast)
EU CLIP (Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property) Principles 4.16, 4.107, 4.110, 4.117, 4.124, 5.115, 5.199
EU Community Designs Regulation (CDR) 4.39
EU Consumer Rights Directive 6.14–18
EU Contracts for the Sale of Goods Directive 6.19–21, 6.23
EU Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services Directive 6.19–23
EU Court of Justice see CJEU
EU Digital Single Market Directive 4.19, 4.38, 4.125, 4.132–136, 4.150
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.01–36
consumer protection 2.11, 2.27, 2.30, 2.57
copyright law 4.35, 4.125, 4.130, 4.145–146, 4.148
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.07, 3.141–144
form of communication offered 2.11–13, 2.19
harmonizing reach 2.10–11, 2.18, 2.25, 2.34
information society concept 2.03–2.05
intermediary service providers 2.05, 2.07–08, 2.10, 2.20, 2.98–99
non-established service providers 2.17, 2.18
online advertising 2.04
place of establishment and territorial constraints 2.14–20
remuneration test 2.04
safe harbour immunities see service provider intermediaries, safe harbour immunities and EU E-Commerce Directive
sanctions against infringements of national provisions 2.13, 2.28
third country service providers 2.14–20
torts and illegal content 2.61, 2.64
unfair commercial practices, ascertaining 2.07–08
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.183–185, 5.186, 5.187, 5.190, 5.203, 5.205
EU E-Commerce Directive, country of origin principle 2.02, 2.06, 2.09, 2.13, 2.17, 2.21–36, 6.12
derogations 2.22–23, 2.27, 2.30
intellectual property protection 2.30
intra-community e-commerce activities 2.32–36
mutual recognition 2.13, 2.14, 2.17, 2.32, 2.35
reach and coordinated field 2.24–26, 2.36
Rome II Regulation 2.32–33
unfair competition law 2.30, 2.32
EU Enforcement Directive 4.21, 4.32, 4.155
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.01–166
child’s consent in relation to information society services 3.17
controller or processor requirements see controller or processor requirements, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
cross-border processing see cross-border processing, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
cross-border transfers of data see cross-border transfers of data, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
data protection as fundamental right 3.01–05
enforcement and conflict of laws 3.23–28
ePrivacy Directive 3.09–10
EU E-Commerce Directive 3.07, 3.141–144
intermediaries’ liabilities 3.07
judicial remedies 3.26–28, 3.71–75, 3.79, 3.88, 3.90, 3.94, 3.95, 3.97, 3.101, 3.103
national laws, margin of manoeuvre 3.19–22
personality rights and defamation see personality rights and defamation, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
personality rights and non-contractual obligations see personality rights and non-contractual obligations, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
private enforcement of data protection law 3.27–28
public enforcement of data protection law 3.25–26, 3.27
right to be forgotten 3.04, 3.15, 3.55–56, 3.58, 3.60
right to privacy 3.04
sensitive data 3.09, 3.14, 3.18
services provided at a distance 3.07
territorial scope see territorial scope, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
torts and illegal content 2.66
transparency and fair processing principles 3.11–13
unification and choice of law implications 3.17–22
unlimited jurisdiction 3.115, 3.116, 3.126, 3.127, 3.152
EU Geo-blocking Regulation 2.37–44
Brussels I (Recast) Regulations 2.42, 2.43
consumer protection 2.43
contractual obligations 2.41–44
exclusions 2.40
selective and exclusive distribution schemes 2.37
third country traders 2.39
and unfair competition rules 2.44
EU InfoSoc Directive 4.18, 4.21, 4.22–23, 4.25–26, 4.32, 4.36, 4.147, 4.159
EU Lugano Convention see Lugano Convention
EU Marrakesh Treaty Directive 4.20
EU ‘New Deal’ legislative package 3.77
EU Online Transmissions of Broadcasting Organisations Directive 4.132–135
EU Orphan Works Directive 4.138
EU Patentability of Computer-implemented Inventions Directive 5.12
EU Satellite and Cable Directive 4.133
EU Services in the Internal market Directive 2.37, 2.40
EU Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation of Children Directive 2.60
EU Small Claims Procedure Regulation 6.202
EU Software Directive 4.36
EU Trade Mark Directive 5.10
EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 5.129, 5.130, 5.137–142, 5.186–187
EU Unfair Contract Terms Directive 6.24–26, 6.84–86
EU-US Privacy Shield 3.33
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 1.30
Amann v. Switzerland 3.01
Anheuser-Busch v. Portugal 4.29
Arlewin v. Sweden 1.30, 2.29, 3.128
Ashby Donald v. France 4.29, 4.174
Balan v. Moldova 4.29
Delfi AS v. Estonia 2.56, 3.111, 3.162, 3.166
Magyar Jeti Zrt v. Hungary 2.54
Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete and Index.hu Zrt v. Hungary 3.162
Neij and Sunde Kolmisoppi v. Sweden 4.174
Pellegrini v. Italy 1.120
Pihl v. Sweden 3.162
Rotaru v. Romania 3.01
Saccoccia v. Austria 1.120
Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and Satamedia Oy v. Finland 3.04
Von Hannover v. Germany (no. 2) 3.164
European Patent Convention 5.07
exhaustion of rights
trademarks, designs and patents 5.61–63
Fallon, M. 2.31
Fawcett, J. 4.12, 4.49, 4.67, 4.97, 4.167
Fehlinger, P. 1.16
Feng, S. 2.47
Fezer, K. 2.31
Finck, M. 1.07
focalization see targeting criterion
foreign judgments
copyright law 4.120
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights and defamation 3.114, 3.157–158
Rome I and Rome II Regulations 1.87
unfair competition and trademarks see unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments
see also jurisdiction; third countries
foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement, copyright law 4.152–176
blocking injunctions 4.160
Brussels I Regulation (recast) 4.155, 4.163, 4.164, 4.170
fundamental rights 4.173–174
injunctive relief 4.06, 4.91, 4.92, 4.157–159, 4.169
intellectual property rights protection 4.169, 4.170, 4.171–176
interim relief 1.111, 4.51, 4.61, 4.92, 4.93, 4.161
intermediaries, injunctions against 4.174
jurisdiction verification and scope of injunctions 4.164–169
monetary judgments and injunctions 4.156–160, 4.165, 4.172
moral rights 4.171
non-monetary judgments 4.156–157
non-recognition grounds 4.164–176
provisional measures 4.161–163
public policy effect 4.169, 4.170–176
standard of equivalence approach 1.118, 3.158, 4.166
forum non conveniens doctrine 1.64, 1.72, 3.112, 3.131–132
forum shopping 3.70, 3.110–114, 3.116, 3.128, 3.129, 3.130, 3.131–132
France
copyright law 4.14, 4.45, 4.99
Lois HADOPI 4.24
SFR v. l’Union des producteurs de cinéma 4.21, 4.119, 4.127
UFC-Quechoisir/Twitter 6.25
franchise contract 6.153
freedom of choice 2.87, 6.135–138
fundamental rights 1.75, 1.124, 2.57, 3.01–05, 4.29–33, 4.173–174
Garcimartín, F. 3.153, 4.17, 6.71
Geist, M. 1.27
Geller, P. 4.03, 4.88, 4.92, 4.109
geo-blocking
and contracts 6.62
copyright law 4.77–78, 4.113, 4.127
EU Geo-blocking Regulation see EU Geo-blocking Regulation
trademarks, designs and patents 5.90, 5.162, 5.178
geolocation technology use 1.119, 5.60, 5.119, 5.121
Germany
Bundesverbands der Verbraucherzentrale v. Facebook Ireland 6.25
‘An Evening with Marlene Dietrich’ 4.01, 4.80
Hotel Maritime 5.119
Network Enforcement Act 2.60, 2.63
Störerhaftung des Access-Providers 2.46, 4.45
Vorschaubilder (Thumbnails) 2.46, 4.28, 4.45
Werbeblocker II 5.144
Ginsburg, J. 4.01, 4.09, 4.22, 4.46, 4.65, 4.112, 4.115
Giovanella, F. 4.31
Giuliano, M. 6.38, 6.160, 6.178
global injunctions 1.114, 1.119, 1.124, 2.84, 3.60, 3.127, 4.69, 4.167, 5.195, 5.199, 5.201–202
Goldman, E. 5.20
Goldsmith, J. 1.03
Gössl, S. 1.24
Grosse Ruse-Khan, H. 4.09, 4.129
Grundmann, S. 2.30
Guggenberger, N. 6.63
Guillaume, F. 6.64
habitual residence concept
centre of interest of the victim, habitual residence, personality rights and non-contractual obligations, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.121
and contracts 6.57–62, 6.121, 6.147, 6.149–162, 6.169–171, 6.177
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.86–88
torts and illegal content 2.90
see also centre of interest and domicile issues
Hague Conference 1.74–76, 1.96, 1.117, 4.17, 4.154, 4.165
Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements 1.123, 1.134, 5,78, 6.73
Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 1.123, 1.132, 1.134–135, 6.131–133, 6.139
harmonization issues 1.96, 1.129
copyright law 4.18–24, 4.38, 4.142–144, 4.147
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.10–11, 2.18, 2.25, 2.34
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights and defamation 3.128–130, 3.134–144
service provider intermediaries 2.49
trademarks, designs and patents 5.09–12
Harvey, D. 1.15
Hatzimihail, N. 1.63
Heinze, C. 4.92, 4.142, 4.163, 5.74, 5.94, 5.123, 6.111
Hess, B. 1.107, 3.23, 3.95, 3.115, 3.118
Hetcher, S. 4.44
Hoeren, T. 2.53
Honorati, C. 4.155, 5.14, 5.171
Howells, G. 2.11
Hugenholtz, B. 4.18, 4.132, 4.147
Husovec, M. 1.110, 1.124, 4.21, 4.159, 4.160
ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) see under domain names
illegal content and torts see torts and illegal content
imitation with a risk of confusion, and trademarks, designs and patents 5.129, 5.150
‘inertia selling’ concept, trademarks, designs and patents 5.142
information society services 2.01–99
EU E-Commerce Directive see EU E-Commerce Directive
EU Geo-blocking Regulation see EU Geo-blocking Regulation
service provider intermediaries see service provider intermediaries
torts and illegal content see torts and illegal content
initial ownership or authorship, and copyright law 4.102, 4.103–108
injunctions
blocking injunctions 2.84, 3.127, 4.88, 4.160, 5.86
foreign judgments, jurisdiction verification and scope of injunctions 4.156–160, 4.164–169, 4.172, 5.194–5.202, 5.204, 5.206, 5.216, 5.217
global 4.69, 4.167, 5.195, 5.201–202
intermediaries, injunctions against 2.57, 4.174
recognition and enforcement 1.107, 1.110–111, 1.119, 1.124
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.29, 5.43, 5.47, 5.54, 5.86, 5.107, 5.116, 5.144, 5.157, 5.170, 6.181
see also monetary judgments; sanctions
injunctive relief, foreign judgments and copyright law 4.06, 4.91, 4.92, 4.157–159, 4.169
injunctive relief, foreign judgments and trademark law 5.194–5.202, 5.204, 5.206, 5.216, 5.217
intellectual property rights
and domain names, trademarks, designs and patents 5.20–25
EU E-Commerce Directive, country of origin principle 2.30
foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement, copyright law 4.169, 4.170, 4.171–176
and torts and illegal content 2.67, 2.72, 2.79, 2.81
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.129–135
see also copyright law; trademarks, designs and patents
Inter-American Contracts Convention 1.96
interest analysis approach, US, private international law 1.98
interim relief, and copyright law 1.111, 4.51, 4.61, 4.92, 4.93, 4.161
intermediation
as defendants, jurisdiction, copyright law 4.45
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.07
freedom issues, copyright law 4.31
jurisdiction, contracts 6.72, 6.105
platform economy and contracts 6.27–29
service provider see service provider intermediaries
torts and illegal content 2.61
torts and illegal content, Rome II Regulation 2.96–99, 2.98–99
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.173–174
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.203–207
internal market rule 2.30, 2.32, 2.34, 2.35, 4.118, 4.144, 4.145–146, 4.148–149, 4.151
Ireland, Data Protection Commissioner v. Facebook Ireland 3.34
Jacobs, G. 5.21
Jančiūte, L. 3.77
Janis, M. 5.133
Japan, KK Fuji Television v. KK Nagano Shoten (Maneki TV) 4.119
Jault-Seseke, F. 1.25
Johnson, D. 1.02
judicial remedies, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.26–28, 3.71–75, 3.79, 3.88, 3.90, 3.94, 3.95, 3.97, 3.101, 3.103
jurisdiction
foreign judgments see foreign judgments
grounds, Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.42–56
torts and illegal content 2.68–84
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.147–166
jurisdiction, contracts 6.70–134
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 6.70–83, 6.86, 6.88, 6.90, 6.91–95
choice of court agreements 6.70–90
‘click-wrapping’ method 6.78
consumer contracts (B2C) 6.81–87
and consumer protection organizations 6.72
employment contracts 6.88–90
exclusive choice of forum agreements, effects of 6.79
Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements 6.73
intermediation services 6.72
jurisdiction clause content 6.80
non-contractual claims 6.80
party autonomy 6.71
prorogation agreements 6.77
self-employment 6.88, 6.89, 6.146, 6.190
severability principle 6.74
validity and effects 6.74–80
‘writing’ requirement 6.76–78
jurisdiction, contracts, absence of choice 6.91–134
branch operations 6.36, 6.125, 6.128, 6.151
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 6.91–100, 6.105–118, 6.122, 6.125–134
classification of contracts 6.101–103
credit agreement and provision of services 6.118
data processing contracts 6.106
‘digital content’ classification 6.106–110
‘fair remuneration’ payments 6.93
Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 6.131–133, 6.139
intermediation services 6.105
‘matters relating to a contract’ 6.91–95
‘matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict’ 6.94
multiple places of delivery of goods or provision of services 6.115
non-physical performance contracts 6.104–111
online delivery of goods and provision of services 6.119–124
party autonomy 6.120
place of delivery 6.115, 6.119–120, 6.124
place of establishment or habitual residence of the recipient 6.121
place of establishment of the service provider 6.121, 6.122–123
place of performance, and fragmentation and special rules 6.96–100, 6.111, 6.112–113
place where goods were physically transferred 6.114
‘provision of services’ classification 6.103
recognition and enforcement implications 6.130–134
recognition and enforcement implications, US 6.133–134
‘sales of goods’ classification 6.102, 6.107, 6.108–110, 6.111, 6.112–118
special jurisdiction rule 6.92
weaker party, contracts with, and consumer protection 6.125–129, 6.130
jurisdiction, copyright law 4.41–95
administrative and criminal sanctions 4.42
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 4.42–43, 4.46, 4.48, 4.49, 4.51
choice of forum agreements 4.49–50
contractual claims 4.44
exclusive jurisdiction and options, limitations of 4.46–51
fair compensation system 4.43
infringement claims 4.41–45
interim relief 4.51
intermediaries as defendants 4.45
localization of infringement 4.43, 4.49–50
national jurisdiction provisions 4.47–49
user generated content 4.44, 4.45
jurisdiction, copyright law, place where damage occurred 4.71–89
Brussels I Regulation (recast) 4.71–74, 4.77, 4.81–84
focalization (targeting) criterion 4.73–74, 4.82
geo-blocking tools 4.77–78
global accessibility issues 4.77–78
lack of impact of infringing activity 4.76
mere accessibility debate 4.71–80
mosaic approach and diffuse copyright infringements 4.81, 4.84–89
personality rights 4.86–88
jurisdiction, copyright law, potentially unlimited jurisdiction, grounds for 4.52–70
Brussels I Regulation (recast) 4.52, 4.54–61, 4.63
defendant’s domicile 4.52–59
global injunctions 4.69, 4.167
lex loci protectionis 4.67
moral rights 4.66–67
multiple defendant forum 4.54–59
mutual recognition of judgments 4.70
national rights restrictions and fragmentation 4.68, 4.70
personality rights and centre of interests of the rightholder 4.64–67
place of causal event giving rise to damage 4.60–63
Rome II Regulation 4.67
Kleinwächter, W. 1.03
Koekkoek, M. 3.37
Koos, S. 2.31
Kuczerawy, A. 3.166
Kuner, C. 3.02, 3.26, 3.42, 3.43, 3.56
Kur, A. 4.17, 4.39, 4.72, 4.110, 4.117, 4.123, 4.124, 5.25, 5.57, 5.59, 5.74, 5.80, 5.115, 5.128
legal certainty principle 184, 1.27, 1.42, 1.48, 1.63, 1.72, 1.74, 1.90, 1.131
contracts 6.02, 6.70, 6.92, 6.138, 6.148, 6.165
copyright law 4.19, 4.27, 4.59, 4.121, 4.130, 4.143
personality rights and non-contractual obligations 3.123
torts and illegal content 2.49, 2.73, 2.78, 2.80, 2.86, 2.97
trademarks, designs and patents 5.73, 5.169, 5.181
Lein, E 1.38
Leiner, B. 1.01
Leistner, M. 2.47, 4.97, 4.121, 4.147, 5.129, 5.164
Lessig, L. 1.07
lex loci protectionis 1.95
copyright law 4.12, 4.13, 4.15, 4.67
copyright law, intermediary service providers’ liability 4.121, 4.123, 4.126, 4.128, 4.129
copyright law and Rome II Regulation 4.96–105, 4.109–113, 4.116–123, 4.126, 4.128, 4.131, 4.133, 4.137–138, 4.142, 4.144, 4.151
trademarks, designs and patents 5.111–116, 5.118, 5.123
lex originis, copyright law 4.102, 4.104, 4.105
contracts 6.103, 6.109–111, 6.156–158, 6.161–164, 6.166–168, 6.182–186
copyright law 4.23, 4.44, 4.101, 4.107, 4.131, 4.135, 4.140, 4.150, 6.32, 6.184–186
trademarks, designs and patents 5.77, 5.145
linguistic issues
trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.213
translated version of contract agreement 6.176
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.57–58, 1.60–61
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.95, 3.96–102
Little, L. 3.130
López-Tarruella, A. 2.31
Lugano Convention
and Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.35, 1.38, 1.43, 1.45, 1.52, 1.54, 1.117, 1.125, 1.131–132
copyright law 4.46, 4.47, 4.79
trademarks, designs and patents 5.73, 5.108
Lundstedt, L. 4.66, 4.67, 4.131
Lutzi, T. 1.25, 2.80, 5.153, 6.119, 6.139
McParland, M. 1.88, 6.146, 6.147, 6.155
Mankowski, P. 2.29, 2.31, 2.80, 2.83, 5.09, 5.169, 5.184, 6.70, 6.119, 6.183
Mann, R. 1.73
market effects principle 1.95
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.153, 5.157, 5.163, 5.167–182, 5.185, 5.190–192, 5.199, 5.200
Martin-Casals, M. 2.65
Martiny, D. 1.88, 6.58, 6.68, 6.135
Mathiason, J. 1.03
Matulionyte, R. 4.83, 4.117, 4.118, 4.150
Meeusen, J. 2.31
mere accessibility and significant effect
copyright law, place where damage occurred 4.71–80
trademarks, designs and patents 5.121, 5.122, 5.155–162, 5.177
Metzger, A. 1.04, 4.27, 4.101, 4.110, 4.117, 4.121, 5.82, 5.125, 6.141, 6.167
Mifsud Bonnici, J. 1.03
minimum common standards, TRIPS Agreement, trademarks, designs and patents 5.04
minimum contact tests, US, private international law 1.68, 1.70, 3.130
minimum standards of protection of, copyright law 4.03, 4.07, 4.10, 4.12, 4.21
minors and children 2.09, 2.22, 2.24, 2.60, 2.62, 3.05, 3.13, 3.15, 3.17, 3.17, 3.22, 6.178
mirror-image approach 1.118, 3.158
Moiny, J. 3.43
monetary judgments 1.106, 1.108
copyright law and foreign judgments 4.156–160, 4.165, 4.172
see also injunctions; sanctions
moral rights
contracts and copyright licensing challenges 6.184–186
mosaic approach
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.50
copyright law 4.81, 4.84–89, 4.115, 4.123
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.125–127
torts and illegal content 2.80, 2.91
trademarks, designs and patents 5.105, 5.157, 5.166, 5.193, 5.199
Moscon, V. 1.07
most-favoured-nation principle, copyright law 4.04
Moura Vicente, D. 3.02, 4.12, 4.49, 4.104, 4.117, 4.155, 5.08, 5.114, 5.134
Mueller, M. 1.03
multilateral agreements
copyright law 4.11–12, 4.16–17
trademarks, designs and patents 5.112, 5.131
multiple country infringements, trademarks, designs and patents 2.80, 5.115
multiple defendants
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.53–54
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.92
torts and illegal content 2.71
trademarks, designs and patents 5.79–80, 5.96–99
multiple places of delivery of goods 6.115
Murray, A. 1.17
mutual recognition 1.127
copyright law 4.70
EU E-Commerce Directive, country of origin principle 2.13, 2.14, 2.17, 2.32, 2.35
national fragmentation effects, copyright law 4.34–40
national jurisdiction 1.31, 1.38–41
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.36, 1.38–41
copyright law 4.43, 4.47–50, 4.68, 4.70
cyberlaw 1.03, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.11, 1.13
domain names, trademarks, designs and patents 5.37, 5.39, 5.40–47, 5.52–56
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.13, 2.28
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.19–22, 3.89–95
torts and illegal content 2.60–64
trademarks, designs and patents 5.148, 5.153
national rights, trademarks, designs and patents 5.67–90, 5.146
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 5.67–69, 5.71, 5.82, 5.84, 5.85, 5.89
copyright comparison 5.79, 5.90
exclusive jurisdiction 5.67–78
FRAND patent licence 5.77
geo-blocking tools, use of 5.90
Hague Choice of Forum Convention 5.78
multiple defendant forum 5.79–80
patent infringement claims and grounds of potentially unlimited jurisdiction 5.79–84
place where damage occurred 5.85–90
place where damage occurred, US jurisdiction 5.89
and public interests 5.70
registration issues 5.67–68, 5.70, 5.71
Rome II Regulation 5.88
validity challenges 5.72–77
website keywords 5.83
national treatment principle
copyright law 4.01–03, 4.04, 4.10, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15
trademarks, designs and patents 5.03
Neumann, S. 4.99, 4.115, 4.124
New York Convention 5.33, 6.212–214
Nielsen, P. 3.129
Nishitani, Y. 1.87, 4.120, 4.123, 6.183
non-contractual obligations 1.97, 1.98
contracts 6.80
copyright law 4.97
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.92, 3.108–109
and personality rights see personality rights and non-contractual obligations, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
and Rome II Regulation 1.91, 1.92–93
torts and illegal content 2.65, 2.66, 2.67, 2.85–88, 2.91–99
trademarks, designs and patents 5.113–116, 5.124, 5.147–154, 5.192
non-physical performance contracts 6.104–111
non-recognition factors 1.104, 1.114, 1.115–120, 1.129–130
see also recognition and enforcement
non-state and ‘deterritorialized’ rules suggestion, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.150
Nordhausen, A. 2.11
notice-and-action mechanisms, torts and illegal content 2.61
Nuyts, A. 1.39, 1.50, 1.63, 2.72
OECD Recommendation on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce 6.03
Ohly, A. 2.31, 4.105, 4.112, 4.123, 4.125, 4.144, 5.57, 5.218
one-stop-shop mechanism implementation, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.66–70, 3.81
online delivery of goods and provision of services 6.119–124
online sharing platforms
copyright law 4.19, 4.22, 4.27, 4.125
safe harbour immunities and EU E-Commerce Directive 2.58–59
open source software 1.04, 1.08
overriding mandatory rules
contracts and public policy see choice of law, contracts, overriding mandatory rules and public policy
contracts and third country law 6.195–199
parallel download of works protected by copyright 4.113
parallel proceedings
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.57–59
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.102
Paris Convention, trademarks, designs and patents 5.01, 5.02, 5.03, 5.112, 5.115, 5.199
party autonomy 1.23, 1.79, 1.82, 1.95
contracts 6.71, 6.120, 6.135–146
contracts, DLT and blockchain technologies 6.64
copyright law 4.108
cyberlaw 1.09–10
Rome I, Rome I and Rome II Regulations 1.90
torts and illegal content 2.86–87
trademarks, designs and patents 5.172
patents see under trademarks, designs and patents
performing artists, copyright law 4.01, 4.07
personality rights 1.14
copyright law 4.64–67, 4.86–88
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.80, 3.92, 3.160
torts and illegal content 2.62, 2.65, 2.66, 2.72, 2.79
trademarks, designs and patents 5.87, 5.88, 5.154
see also privacy rights
personality rights and defamation, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.134–152
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 3.137, 3.154, 3.159–160, 3.163–164
EU E-Commerce Directive 3.141–144
foreign judgment for defamation 3.157–158
forum shopping concerns 3.137
free speech rights of authors and publishers (US) 3.156
freedom of expression right 3.162
future perspectives 3.145–152
habitual residence law 3.136–137, 3.139, 3.143, 3.146, 3.151
harmonization issues 3.134–144
mirror-image approach 3.158
non-state and ‘deterritorialized’ rules suggestion 3.150
privacy violations 3.135–140, 3.143, 3.148
public policy 3.161–166
recognition and enforcement of judgments 3.153–166
right of reply 3.146
right to private life and margin of appreciation 3.164
Rome II Regulation 3.134–140, 3.145, 3.154–155
services limited to a community of users 3.149
and unfair competition 3.137
universal jurisdiction issues 3.152
verification of jurisdiction 3.157–160
personality rights and non-contractual obligations, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.110–133, 3.135–137, 3.139–140
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 3.115–118, 3.119, 3.125
centre of interest of the victim 3.119–124
centre of interest of the victim, habitual residence 3.121
criminal offences 3.115
foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement 3.114
forum non conveniens grounds for dismissal 3.112, 3.131–132
forum shopping (libel tourism) 3.110–114
forum shopping (libel tourism), defamatory statements 3.111–112, 3.116, 3.128, 3.129, 3.130, 3.131–132
harmonization issues 3.128–130
information removal and blocking injunctions 3.127
legal certainty principle 3.123
mosaic approach 3.125–127
‘place where the harmful event occurred’ jurisdiction 3.116–118
special jurisdiction rule ‘in matters relating to tort’ 3.116
Pertegás, M. 4.119, 5.125, 6.93
place, and establishment see establishment
place of business, contracts and third country law 6.198
place of causal event
copyright law 4.60–63
trademarks, designs and patents 5.104
place of delivery, contracts 6.115, 6.119–120, 6.124
place of performance 1.25–26, 1.68, 1.98
and contracts 6.31, 6.96–100, 6.111, 6.112–113
place where damage occurred
and copyright law see jurisdiction, copyright law, place where damage occurred
Rome II Regulation 2.88–89
torts and illegal content see torts and illegal content, place where damage occurred
trademarks, designs and patents 5.85–90, 5.151, 5.153, 5.157, 5.158–160, 5.163
trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.197
place where goods were physically transferred, and contracts 6.114
place where harmful event occurred
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.116–118
torts and illegal content 2.72, 2.73, 2.74–77, 2.75, 2.76
trademarks, designs and patents 5.100–106, 5.149, 5.151–152, 5.193
platform economy 1.05–06, 1.08, 1.10
contracts and intermediation services 6.27–29
contracts and social networks 6.46–56, 6.61, 6.139–142
copyright law 4.22
see also social networks
Plender, R. 1.85, 2.34, 2.97, 3.137, 6.35, 6.147, 6.155
Pretelli, I. 1.24
privacy rights
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.04, 3.29, 3.90, 3.135–140, 3.143, 3.148, 3.164
torts and illegal content 2.62, 2.65, 2.66, 2.72
see also personality rights
private international law 1.01–135
alternative dispute resolution see alternative dispute resolution
applicable law see applicable law
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) see Brussels I Regulation (Recast)
choice of court agreements 1.75–76
choice of law see choice of law
cooperation mechanisms 1.19–22, 1.23
DLT and blockchain technologies see classification, contracts, DLT and blockchain technologies
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.27–28, 3.75–80
Hague Conference 1.74–76, 1.96, 1.117, 4.17, 4.154, 4.165
ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) see under domain names
intellectual property rights see intellectual property rights
jurisdiction see jurisdiction
lis pendens rules see lis pendens rules
national jurisdiction see national jurisdiction
party autonomy see party autonomy
personality rights see personality rights
public interests see public interests
public international law comparison 1.30
recognition and enforcement see recognition and enforcement, private international law
self-regulation issues 1.03, 1.10, 1.11, 1.13, 1.18, 1.95
US see US, private international law
product liability, Rome II Regulation 2.76, 2.94–95
production and supply contracts 6.163
provision of services contract 6.103, 6.152, 6.157–158, 6.163
provisional measures
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.55–56, 1.128
copyright law 4.90–95, 4.161–163
domain names, trademarks, designs and patents 5.29
trademarks, designs and patents 5.198, 5.215, 5.216
proximity principle, and contracts 6.148, 6.165
Psychogiopoulou, E. 3.134
act of communication to the public concept, and copyright law 4.125
and contracts 6.138
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.36
trademarks, designs and patents 5.70
public international law, private international law comparison 1.30
public policy
copyright law 4.169, 4.170–176
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.25–26, 3.27, 3.161–166
and overriding mandatory rules see choice of law, contracts, overriding mandatory rules and public policy
trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.218
publicly available electronic communications services, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.09
publishing agreements, and contracts 6.163
Puurunen, T. 1.73
recognition and enforcement
contracts, absence of choice 6.130–134
copyright law and foreign judgments see foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement, copyright law
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.100
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights and defamation 3.153–166
trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.214–218
recognition and enforcement, private international law 1.101–135
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.103, 1.109, 1.117, 1.125–130, 1.131
copyright infringement 1.108
double instruments 1.117
fair trial right 1.120
fundamental rights balance 1.75, 1.124
geolocation tools, use of 1.119
Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 1.123, 1.132, 1.134–135
harmonization 1.129
injunctions 1.107, 1.110–111, 1.119, 1.124
intermediaries, injunctions against 1.110–111, 1.124
Lugano Convention 1.125, 1.131, 1.132
mirror-image approach 1.118
monetary judgments and punitive sanctions 1.106, 1.108
mutual recognition and enforcement 1.127
non-monetary judgments and negative declarations 1.106–107, 1.128
non-recognition factors 1.104, 1.114, 1.115–120, 1.129–130
public policy as grounds for non-recognition 1.120–124, 1.125, 1.130
third country judgments 1.131–132
US state laws 1.103
registration
trademarks, designs and patents 5.06–08, 5.22
trademarks, designs and patents, domain names 5.21, 5.22, 5.24
trademarks, designs and patents, national rights 5.67–68, 5.70, 5.71
see also licensing
Reidenberg, J. 1.02
Reindl, A. 4.123
remuneration test, EU E-Commerce Directive 2.04
rental rights for computer programs and cinematographic works 4.05, 4.07
reproduction, copyright law 4.03, 4.07, 4.19, 4.25, 4.26
resale outside a selective distribution network, trademarks, designs and patents 5.157, 5.191
right of reply, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.135, 3.146
right to be forgotten, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.04, 3.15, 3.55–56, 3.58, 3.60
right of withdrawal, EU Consumer Rights Directive 6.17–18
Riis, T. 1.05, 4.44, 4.45, 4.129
Roffael, C. 5.74
Rome I Regulation 1.80, 1.82, 1.83–94, 1.98, 1.99
and Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.85
choice of law, contracts 6.135, 6.137–138, 6.139, 6.140, 6.141, 6.142, 6.143, 6.146, 6.173, 6.178, 6.180
choice of law, contracts, applicable law in absence of choice 6.147–150, 6.153, 6.154, 6.157, 6.159, 6.165–166, 6.167–170, 6.172
choice of law, contracts, overriding mandatory rules and public policy 6.188, 6.189, 6.190, 6.191, 6.193, 6.195–196
classification, contracts 6.30, 6.32–33, 6.37–40, 6.42, 6.51–53, 6.55–58, 6.62, 6.67, 6.68
contractual claims 1.88–89
EU Geo-blocking Regulation 2.42, 2.43
foreign law application 1.87
party autonomy and freedom of choice 1.90
uniform interpretation 1.84, 1.86
universal application 1.83
Rome II Regulation 1.80, 1.82, 1.83–94, 1.98, 1.99
and Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.85
choice of law, contracts 6.181, 6.182
choice of law, trademarks, designs and patents 5.113, 5.116, 5.120, 5.123, 5.124, 5.126, 5.127
classification, contracts 6.35
copyright law 4.13
copyright law, potentially unlimited jurisdiction, grounds for 4.67
EU E-Commerce Directive, country of origin principle 2.32–33
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights and defamation 3.134–140, 3.145, 3.154–155
foreign law application 1.87
and lex loci protectionis, choice of law, copyright law 4.96–105, 4.109–113, 4.116–123, 4.126, 4.128, 4.131, 4.133, 4.137–138, 4.142, 4.144, 4.151
non-contractual obligations 1.91, 1.92–93
torts and illegal content see torts and illegal content, Rome II Regulation
trademarks, designs and patents 5.88, 5.105, 5.163–164, 5.167–174, 5.176, 5.181, 5.183, 5.185, 5.186, 5.188, 5.190–192
uniform interpretation 1.84, 1.86
universal application 1.83
Rutledge, P. 1.65, 1.103, 1.113, 6.87
safe harbour immunities see service provider intermediaries, safe harbour immunities and EU E-Commerce Directive
sales contracts
applicable law in absence of choice 6.152, 6.157, 6.163, 6.171
EU Consumer Rights Directive 6.14–18
jurisdiction, absence of choice 6.102, 6.107, 6.108–110, 6.111, 6.112–118
and supply of digital content and services 6.19–23
UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 6.07, 6.09
copyright law 4.42
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.13, 2.28
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.211
see also injunctions; monetary judgments
Schack, H. 4.18, 4.38, 4.102, 4.104, 5.126
Schaub, M. 2.03
Schönherr, F. 4.25
self-employment 6.88, 6.89, 6.146, 6.190
see also employment contracts
self-regulation issues 1.03, 1.10, 1.11, 1.13, 1.18, 1.95, 2.60, 6.08
sensitive data, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.09, 3.14, 3.18
service contract definition 2.15, 6.16
service provider
contracts, absence of choice 6.112–124
and electronic mail address contact 2.12, 2.19
headquarters of service provider in third country 2.16
limited to a community of users 3.149
place of establishment 6.121, 6.122–123
provision of services contract 6.152, 6.157–158, 6.163
services provided at a distance and personal data protection 3.07
third country service providers, EU E-Commerce Directive 2.14–20
service provider intermediaries 2.45–59
blocking access to damaging content 2.46
and copyright law 4.121–129
copyright law and lex loci protectionis 4.1214.123, 4.126, 4.128, 4.129
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.05, 2.07–08, 2.10, 2.20, 2.53–59
harmonization, need for 2.49
lex loci protectionis and copyright law 4.121, 4.123, 4.126, 4.128, 4.129
liability regime implications 2.45–46, 2.48
third parties, services used by 2.46
US Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) 2.47, 2.50–52
user generated content 2.55, 2.59
service provider intermediaries, safe harbour immunities and EU E-Commerce Directive 2.47–59
consumer protection 2.57
copyright protection 2.58–59
fundamental rights protection 2.57
hyperlinks 2.54
information removal 2.57
injunctions 2.57
limitations of liability 2.53–54
‘online content-sharing service provider’ concept 2.58–59
passive or neutral intermediaries, identification issues 2.55
severability principle, and contracts 6.74
single copyright title suggestion 4.38–40, 4.116–120, 4.124, 4.142–143
Sirinelli, P. 1.15
‘sliding scale’ test to Internet contacts, US 1.69, 5.89
smart contracts 6.63–67
see also classification, contracts, DLT and blockchain technologies
social networks 1.05–06, 1.08, 1.10
choice of law, contracts 6.139–142
classification, contracts 6.46–56, 6.61
torts and illegal content 2.63
see also platform economy
special jurisdiction 2.72–73
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 1.40, 1.48–54
copyright law and localization of activities 4.130
non-contractual claims and trademarks, designs and patents 5.147–154, 5.192
personality rights and non-contractual obligations, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.116
unitary rights see unitary rights, trademarks, designs and patents, special jurisdiction rules
speciality principle, trademarks, designs and patents 5.22
Spindler, G. 2.47, 2.63, 4.121, 5.145, 6.89
Staiger, D. 3.33
standard of equivalence approach, copyright law 1.118, 3.158, 4.166
Sujecki, B. 3.93
supplementary sanctions, trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.211
see also sanctions
Symeonides, S. 1.97, 1.98, 1.129, 2.86, 6.87
Synodinou, Y. 4.25
targeting criterion
classification, contracts 6.57–62
copyright law, place where damage occurred 4.73–74, 4.82
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) see territorial scope, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), targeting criterion
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.156
technical infrastructure control issues 1.03, 1.12
telecommunication services provision, and cyberlaw 1.06
tenancy of immovable property, contracts, applicable law in absence of choice 6.38, 6.154, 6.167
territorial scope
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), civil claims against a controller or processor 3.103–109
EU Geo-blocking Regulation 2.39, 2.44
lex loci protectionis, trademarks, designs and patents 5.111–116, 5.118, 5.123
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.194–202, 5.210–212
territorial scope, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.37–60
data controller and processor, concepts of 3.38–41
establishment of controller or processor 3.44–48
establishment of controller or processor, natural persons application 3.47
establishment of controller or processor, processing of personal data requirements 3.46–48, 3.56
online platform providers and users, relationship between 3.37
public international law and controllers or processors not established in the Union 3.41–43
rights and remedies, territorial limits 3.55–60
rights and remedies, territorial limits, dereferencing obligation 3.57–60
rights and remedies, territorial limits, right to be forgotten 3.55–60
territorial scope, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), targeting criterion 3.49–54
Brussels I Regulation 3.51
clear intention and question of degree 3.52
and controller or processor non-compliance 3.49
goods or services offered to data subjects in the Union 3.49–52
location of the data subject 3.49
monitoring behaviour of data subjects 3.53–54
special jurisdiction on consumer protection 3.51
territory-neutral market strategy 3.52
third countries
contracts, and overriding mandatory rules 6.195–199
copyrights granted by 4.151
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), cross-border transfers of data 3.32–36
and EU Geo-blocking Regulation 2.39
headquarters of service provider in 2.16
judgments, recognition and enforcement 1.131–132
jurisdiction, contracts 6.72, 6.81, 6.86
service providers, EU E-Commerce Directive 2.14–20
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.148
and unitary rights, trademarks, designs and patents 5.128
see also foreign judgments
Thornburg, E. 5.30
Thum, D. 5.57
Thünken, A. 2.31
top level domains (TLD) 5.17–19, 5.21, 5.26, 5.48
see also domain names, trademarks, designs and patents
Torremans, P. 4.12, 4.13, 4.49, 4.51, 4.67, 4.97, 4.167, 5.09
tort issues
contracts and ‘matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict’ 6.94
personality rights and non-contractual obligations, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.116
Regulations 1.94
torts and illegal content 2.60–99
blocking injunctions 2.84
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 2.66, 2.68–71
choice of law agreements 2.85–99
country of origin principle 2.63
domicile issues 2.69–70, 2.72–73
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.61, 2.64
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 2.66
EU Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation of Children Directive 2.60
freedom of choice restrictions 2.87
and intellectual property rights 2.67, 2.72
intermediary service providers 2.61
and Internet of Things 2.65, 2.76
jurisdiction 2.68–84
legal certainty 2.49, 2.73, 2.78, 2.80, 2.86, 2.97
multiple defendants domiciled in different Member States 2.71
national level measures 2.60–64
non-contractual obligations 2.65, 2.66, 2.67, 2.85–88, 2.91–99
‘notice-and-action’ mechanisms 2.61
party autonomy 2.86–87
place where harmful event occurred 2.72, 2.73, 2.74–77
place where harmful event occurred, and defective products 2.76
place where harmful event occurred, electronic mail 2.75
privacy and personality rights 2.62, 2.65, 2.66, 2.72
private international law 2.64, 2.65–67
social network providers 2.63
special jurisdiction in tort matters 2.72–73
torts and illegal content, place where damage occurred 2.78–84
accessing or hacking computer systems 2.76, 2.78, 2.83
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 2.80
cloud services expansion concerns 2.59, 2.83
damages compensation 2.84
defective products liability 2.78
intellectual property rights 2.79, 2.81
mosaic approach 2.80
personality rights 2.79
trademark infringements 2.79
torts and illegal content, Rome II Regulation 2.66, 2.67, 2.85–91
direct damage in more than one country 2.89
escape clause and mosaic approach 2.91
habitual residence of companies 2.90
intermediary liability 2.96–99
intermediary liability, and E-commerce Directive 2.98–99
place where direct damage occurred (locus damni) 2.88–89
product liability 2.76, 2.94–95
unfair competition liability 2.93
trademark infringements, torts and illegal content, place where damage occurred 2.79
trademarks, designs and patents 1.12, 5.01–218
advertisements and company referencing websites 5.11
choice of law see choice of law, trademarks, designs and patents
counterfeit goods and online trade 5.64–66
cross-border activities 5.57–66
domain names see domain names
exhaustion of rights 5.61–63
geolocation technologies use 5.60
harmonization 5.09–12
legal certainty principle 5.73, 5.169, 5.181
national rights see national rights, trademarks, designs and patents
national treatment principle 5.03
Paris Convention 5.01, 5.02, 5.03, 5.112, 5.115, 5.199
provisional measures 5.198, 5.215, 5.216
registration and granting procedures 5.06–08, 5.22
sign use on Internet 5.57–60
speciality principle 5.22
trademarks and ‘use in the course of trade’ 5.10–11
TRIPS Agreement and minimum common standards 5.04
unfair competition see unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents
unitary rights see unitary rights, trademarks, designs and patents
unregistered trademarks 5.02
well-known marks, provision for 5.03, 5.04
WIPO Joint Recommendation on the protection of signs on the Internet 5.58–60
WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty 5.07
see also copyright law; intellectual property rights
transfer or license of IP rights, choice of law, contracts, applicable law in absence of choice 6.156–158, 6.161–163, 6.166, 6.167, 6.168, 6.182–186
translated version of contract agreement 6.176
see also linguistic issues
transparency
contracts, overriding mandatory rules and public policy 6.192–193
contracts, platform economy and intermediation services 6.28
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.11–13
Trimble, M. 1.26, 4.119, 4.167, 4.170
Ubertazzi, B. 4.48, 4.117, 4.121, 5.71, 5.167
ubiquitous infringements
copyright law 4.109–129, 4.151
trademarks, designs and patents 5.115
UK
Ablynx v. Vhsquared 5.69
Apple Corps Ltd v. Apple Computer 6.169
Cartier International v. British Telecommunications 2.46, 4.21
Conversant Wireless Licensing v. Huawei Technologies 5.77
Digital Economy Act 4.24
EMI Records v. British Sky Broadcasting 2.46, 4.45
Football Association Premier League Ltd v. British Telecommunications 2.46, 4.45
Hillside (New Media) Ltd v. Baasland 2.91
Lucasfilm Ltd. v. Ainsworth 4.46
Pearce v. Ove Arup Partnership 4.53
Twentieth Century Fox Film v. British Telecommunications 2.46, 4.45
Unwired Planet International v. Huawei Technologies 5.77
UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1.78, 6.07, 6.09
UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 6.05–06, 6.77
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce 6.03, 6.04–09, 6.11, 6.77, 6.214, 6.215
unfair competition
and contracts 6.181
and copyright law 5.129
EU E-Commerce Directive 2.07–08, 2.30, 2.32
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights and defamation 3.137
EU Geo-blocking Regulation 2.44
torts and illegal content, Rome II Regulation 2.93
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 5.58, 5.129–193
bilateral acts affecting exclusively the interests of a specific competitor 5.163–166
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 5.147–151, 5.153, 5.155–157, 5.166, 5.192
‘business-to-consumer commercial practices’ 5.137–142
centre of interests criterion 5.154
consumer interests protection 5.170
country of origin principle 5.181–188
dominant position abuse 5.145, 5.150
EU E-Commerce Directive 5.183–185, 5.186, 5.187, 5.190
EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 5.129, 5.130, 5.137–142, 5.186–187
imitation with a risk of confusion to consumers 5.129, 5.150
‘inertia selling’ concept 5.142
information society services 5.185
infringement liability 5.189–193
intellectual property rights 5.129–135
intermediation services 5.173–174
jurisdiction 5.147–166
market effects principle 5.153, 5.157, 5.163, 5.167–182, 5.185, 5.190–192, 5.199, 5.200
mere accessibility of Internet content 5.155–162, 5.177
mosaic approach 5.157, 5.166, 5.193
multilateral treaties 5.131
national court jurisdiction 5.148, 5.153
national laws and equivalence and effectiveness test 5.189
non-contractual claims and special jurisdiction 5.147–154, 5.192
party autonomy exclusion 5.172
personality rights 5.154
‘place where the damage occurred’ 5.151, 5.153, 5.157, 5.158–160, 5.163
‘place where the harmful event occurred or may occur’ 5.149, 5.151–152, 5.193
resale outside a selective distribution network 5.157, 5.191
Rome II Regulation 5.163–164, 5.167–174, 5.176, 5.181, 5.183, 5.185, 5.186, 5.188, 5.190–192
special treatment for unfair competition claims 5.172
substantive and procedural law, differences between 5.134–135
targeting criterion 5.156
third states and forum choice 5.148
unitary rights 5.150
unregistered trademarks and designs 4.108, 5.50, 5.129, 5.133
website keyword metatags use 5.83, 5.143
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, advertising
and domain name use 5.143, 5.144
intra-community unfair 5.181, 5.183, 5.188
misleading and comparative 5.139, 5.141, 5.143, 5.150, 5.163
restrictions 5.175–180
tobacco 5.180
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.02, 5.194–218
adwords and service provider 5.204
ALI Principles 5.199
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 5.198, 5.215, 5.217, 5.218
CLIP (Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property) Principles 5.115, 5.199
copyright comparison 5.216
EU E-Commerce Directive 5.203, 5.205
global injunction concerns 5.195, 5.199, 5.201–202
information, protection of undisclosed 5.200–201
intermediaries 5.203–207
marketing products through websites 5.208–209, 5.211
mosaic approach 5.199
place where damage occurred 5.197
provisional relief 5.198
public policy 5.218
recognition and enforcement 5.214–218
Rome II Regulation 5.200, 5.206
supplementary sanctions 5.211
territorial scope 5.194–202, 5.210–212
third party use of sign and linguistic issues 5.213
unitary rights 5.208–213, 5.215
unlimited jurisdiction 5.198, 5.199
WIPO Joint Recommendation 5.195
UNIDROIT Principles on Commercial Contracts 6.140
unification and choice of law implications, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.17–22
uniform rules, copyright law 4.96–108, 4.142–143
unitary copyright title proposal, copyright law 4.38–40, 4.116–120, 4.124, 4.142–143
unitary rights, trademarks, designs and patents
choice of law 5.123–128
unfair competition 5.150
unfair competition, foreign judgments 5.208–213, 5.215
unitary rights, trademarks, designs and patents, special jurisdiction rules 5.09, 5.12, 5.13–14, 5.91–110
Brussels I Regulation (Recast) 5.92–93, 5.95, 5.96–97, 5.101, 5.105, 5.106, 5.108, 5.109, 5.110, 5.116
cascade rules 5.94–95
general jurisdiction 5.91–95, 5.106
mosaic approach 5.105
multiple defendants 5.96–99
multiple defendants, close connection requirement 5.98
multiple defendants, same situation of law requirement 5.98–99
place of causal event 5.104
place in which act of infringement has been committed 5.100–106
Rome II Regulation 5.105
Unified Patent Court 5.107–110
unlimited jurisdiction
and copyright law see jurisdiction, copyright law, potentially unlimited jurisdiction, grounds for
EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 3.115, 3.116, 3.126, 3.127, 3.152
patent infringement claims 5.79–84
unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents, foreign judgments 5.82, 5.147, 5.152, 5.198, 5.199, 5.201
unregistered trademarks and designs, unfair competition, trademarks, designs and patents 4.108, 5.50, 5.129, 5.133
Unsworth, R. 6.63
US
ALI (American Law Institute) Principles 4.16, 4.105, 4.117, 4.122, 5.115, 5.199
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) 1.71, 5.41–45
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act 3.05, 3.43
CLOUD Act 3.36
Communications Decency Act (CDA) 1.124, 2.51, 3.166
consumer interest protection, US, data protection and personality rights 3.05
contracts and consumer protection 6.87
data protection as fundamental right 3.05
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) 2.47, 2.50–52
EU-US Privacy Shield, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), cross-border transfers of data 3.33
fair use approach 4.28
Foreign Country Money Judgments Recognition Act 1.103
Foreign Money Judgments Recognition Act, 1.103
Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law 3.43
free speech rights of authors and publishers (US), EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights and defamation 3.156
minimum contact tests 1.68, 1.70, 3.130
personality rights and ‘multistate defamation’ 3.148
place where damage occurred, US jurisdiction, national rights, trademarks, designs and patents 5.89
recognition and enforcement implications, US recognition issues, jurisdiction, contracts, absence of choice 6.133–134
right to privacy 3.148
Second Restatement of Conflict of Laws 1.98
SPEECH Act 3.156, 3.157, 3.158, 3.165–166
state laws, recognition and enforcement 1.103
Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act 2.51
Third Restatement on Foreign Relations Laws 1.103
Uniform Electronic Transactions Act 6.08
unregistered trademarks 5.133
US, cases
A&M Recording v. Napster 2.52
ALS Scan v. Digital Serv. Consultants 1.70
Armstrong v. Virgin Records 4.46
Asahi Metal Industries Co. v. Superior Court 1.68
Authors Guild v. Google 4.28
Baldwin v. Fischer-Smith 3.130
Barcelona.com v. Excelentisimo Ayuntamiento de Barcelona 5.34, 5.41, 5.45
Bord v. Banco De Chile 5.30
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court of California 1.67, 1.68
Burnham v. Superior Court of California 1.62
Capitol Federal Sav. Bank v. Eastern Bank Corp. 5.89
Carnival Cruise Lines v. Shute 1.73, 6.87
Creative Tech. v. Aztech Sys. Pte. 4.51
Cybersell v. Cybersell 5.89
Daimler AG v. Bauman 1.67
De Fontbrune v. Wofsy 1.108
Dluhos v. Strasberg 5.34
Doe v. Geller 4.55
GlobalSantaFe Corp. v. Globalsantafe.com 5.43, 5.44
Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A. v. Brown 1.67
Google v. Equustek 1.114, 1.124, 3.166, 4.167, 4.174, 5.202
Hanson v. Denckla 1.68
Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia SA v. Hall 1.66
Inset Systems v. Instruction Set 1.69
International Shoe Co. v. Washington 1.67
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier 4.105
Jan K. Voda, M.D. v. Cordis Corporation 5.70
Koch v. America Online 1.73
London Film Productions v. Intercontinental Communications 4.46, 4.51
MacDermid v. Deiter 2.83
McIntyre Machinery Ltd. v. Nicasio 1.68
Metro-Golwyn-Mayer Studios v. Grokster 4.125
MGM Studios v. Grokster 2.52
Millennium Enterprises v. Millennium Music 1.70
Monroig v. RMM Records & Video Corp. 4.67, 4.112
Murray v. British Broad. Corp. 4.51
Parisi v. Netlearning 5.34
Penguin Group (USA) v. American Buddha 4.65
Perfect 10 v. Google 4.28, 4.125
Plixer Int’l v. Scrutinizer 5.89
Sallen v. Corinthians Licenciamentos LTDA 5.41
Sarl Louise Ferand Int’l v. Viewfinder 4.173
Shaffer v. Heitner 1.68
Shropshire v. Canning 4.111
Spanski v. Telewizja Polska 4.88
Stoner v. Ebay 2.51
Tiffany (NJ) v. eBay 4.45
Tire Engineering and Distribution v. Shandong Linglong Rubber 4.112
Toys R Us v. Step Two 5.89
US v. Microsoft 3.36
Viacom International v. YouTube 2.52, 4.45
Weber-Stephen Products Co. v. Armitage Hardware and Building Supply 5.34
Wells Fargo Company v. Wells Fargo Express Company 5.146
World-Wide-Volkswagen Corporation v. Woodson 1.68
Yahoo ! v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et L’Antisemitisme 1.114, 1.124
Young v. New Haven Advocate 3.130
Zeran v. AOL 2.51
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com 1.69, 5.89
US, private international law 1.62–77
common law principles 1.64–65
constitutional limitations over personal jurisdiction 1.64
‘doing business’ general jurisdiction 1.64
domain names, seizure issues 1.71
domicile or residence of the defendant 1.67
due process analysis 1.65, 1.68, 1.70, 3.130, 3.157, 6.133
‘effects test’ for establishing personal jurisdiction 1.70, 3.130
forum non conveniens doctrine 1.64, 1.72
incorporated business entity domicile 1.67
interactive and passive websites, distinction between 1.69, 1.70
interest analysis approach. 1.98
minimum contact tests 1.68, 1.70, 3.130
non-contractual obligations 1.98
place of performance of contract 1.68, 1.98
‘sliding scale’ test to Internet contacts 1.69, 5.89
user generated content
service provider intermediaries 2.55, 2.59
validity
challenges, trademarks, designs and patents 5.72–77
Van Alsenoy, B. 3.37
Van Dongen, L. 4.21
Van Eechoud, M. 4.14, 4.16, 4.38, 4.108
Vandezande, N. 6.68
verification of jurisdiction, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), personality rights and defamation 3.157–160
visually impaired people provisions, copyright law 4.07
Von Hein, J. 3.138
Waddell, A. 5.18, 5.19, 5.28, 5.56, 5.57, 5.60
Wang, F. 1.24
Wang, J. 2.47
weaker party, contracts with 6.125–129, 6.130, 6.143–146, 6.170–172
Weber, R. 1.01
Wendehorst, C. 6.51
Wilderspin, M. 1.85, 2.34, 2.97, 3.137, 5.74, 6.35, 6.147, 6.155
Wilson, C. 5.22
Winn, J. 1.73
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 4.07, 4.18
WIPO Internet Domain Name Process 5.25
WIPO Joint Recommendation 5.58–60, 5.121, 5.131, 5.176, 5.195
WIPO Model Provisions 5.136
WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty 5.07
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 4.07, 4.18
Wong, M. 4.44
Wright, A. 1.04, 1.06, 6.63, 6.66
‘writing’ requirement, contracts 1.45, 6.05, 6.06, 6.13, 6.30, 6.76–78, 6.179, 6.211, 6.214
WTO TRIPS Agreement
copyright law 4.04–06, 4.07, 4.10, 4.12, 4.13, 4.21, 4.27, 4.175
trademarks, designs and patents 5.04
Wu, T. 1.03
Yokomizo, D. 4.118
Zimmermann, A. 6.65
Zittrain, J. 1.12