Show Less
Encyclopedia of Law and Economics
Edited by Gerrit De Geest
The second, expanded edition of the acclaimed Encyclopedia represents a major
update of the most authoritative reference work in the field of law and economics and the nine print
volumes are now released online as a single integrated product.
The Encyclopedia provides balanced and comprehensive coverage of the major
domain in law and economics, including: criminal law, regulation, property law, contract law, tort
law, labor and employment law, antitrust law, procedural law, and the production of legal rules.
Each theme or volume is overseen by a leading scholar and each of the 166 entries is prepared by an
expert in the field, providing an in-depth and authoritative overview of the individual topic,
combined with an exhaustive bibliography, allowing users to access and filter the entire corpus of
literature in law and economics.
As with the print edition, the Encyclopedia is unique in serving both as an
entry point and a platform for advanced research. The online edition is enhanced with Elgaronline’s
powerful search tools, facilitating the search for key terms across the entire
Encyclopedia, whilst the browse function allows users to move seamlessly between
the volumes. These elements combine to create a powerful research tool for any researcher or scholar
in the field of law and economics.
Show Summary Details
Index: Index
[In: Volume 1, Michael Faure (ed) Tort Law and Economics]
- Abel, Richard 461
- Abraham, Kenneth 50, 172, 239, 307
- accidents
- activities, dangerous see underdangerous
- Adams, John
- Adams, Michael 15, 163–4
- Adler, Matthew 162
- administrative costs see under costs
- adverse selection 265, 297, 348, 381, 388–9, 391, 422
- advertising 293–4
- agents and principals 344, 386
- vicarious liability see vicarious
- Aickin, Mikel 98
- Akerlof, G. 265, 292, 388
- Alberini, A. 249, 270
- Aldy, Joseph 161, 223, 224
- allocation of risks 33–5
- alternative care model 54–8
- American
- antitrust 117, 291
- Antoniolli, Luisa 436
- Arcuri, A. 254
- Aristotle 245
- Arlen, Jennifer
- Arnold, Frank 98, 257
- Arrow, Kenneth 377, 383, 386, 389, 390, 401
- asbestos cases 36, 182, 258, 287, 308, 484–5
- Ashenfelter, Orley 162
- Ashford, Robert 406
- Ashford, Nicholas 305
- Atkins, F. J. 406, 413
- auditors see gatekeepers
- Ault, R. W. 273
- Austin, D. 249
- Australia 408, 412–13, 474–5
- automobile accidents 50, 181, 406, 412–16, 437, 457, 474–9
- Avraham, Ronen 172, 352, 361–2, 357
- Bagenstos, Samuel 162
- Bagga, Shalini 487
- Baicker, Katherine 342, 354–5, 356
- Baker, Tom 241, 307, 389–90, 399, 401
- Baldwin, L. M. 487
- Banakas, Stathis 442
- Bar-Gill, Oren 25, 54, 65–6, 72, 77, 316
- Barnes, David 407
- Baron, Jonathan 437
- Baumol, William 22, 251
- Beard, T. Randolph 29, 175
- Bebchuk, Lucian 103
- behavioral incentives 153, 155, 160, 165–6, 177, 178–9, 249
- see also incentives
- Becker, David 486
- Beider, Perry 487
- Ben-Shahar, Omri 25, 315–16
- p. 500Benson, Bruce 477, 479
- Bergkamp, Lucas 129, 179, 248, 258–9, 266, 270
- Berliner, Baruch 399, 418
- Bernard, Andrew 294
- Bernstein, Lisa 112
- Bertram, R. 253, 263, 301, 305
- Best, Arthur 50, 52–3
- Biddle, Jeff481
- Biggar, Darryl 234
- Bilandic, Michale 406
- bilateral accidents 15–24, 33, 37, 48, 421
- binary care 63–5
- Binswanger, Hans 305
- Bishop, William 168, 204, 205, 435
- Bisso, Juan 143
- Black, Bernard 154, 472
- Blackburn, Joseph 157–8
- Blair, Roger 342
- Bluffstone, R. A. 262
- Bocken, H. 269
- Bode, S. 262
- Bohm, P. 256
- Bond, V. 272
- Bongaerts, J. C. 273
- Borch, Karl 383, 388–9, 401
- Borgo, John 85
- Born, Patricia 308, 399, 410, 473
- Bouchaert, B. 251
- Bovbjerg, Randall 473
- Boyd, James 125, 175
- Boyer, M. 254, 261, 413
- Bradford, T. 256
- brand names 293–4
- Braskin, Aaron 63
- Brennan, Troyen 342, 459, 463, 472, 486
- Brissette, S. 421
- Brocket, P.L. 306
- Brooks, Jennifer 158, 306
- Brown, Craig 413, 415, 475
- Brown, John 15, 54–7, 59, 85, 154, 473
- Browne, Mark 473
- Bruce, Christopher 406, 474
- Bruggeman, V. 258
- Budden, Mark 117
- bonus-malus insurance 348
- Burrows, Paul 89, 254, 272, 294, 295, 342
- Bussani, Mauro 201, 202, 203, 209, 211, 435
- but-for cause 83, 85, 86
- see also causation
- Butler, Richard 480, 481
- bystander injuries 317–18
- Caldwell, Daniel 410
- Calebresi, Guido 4, 16, 234, 401, 412, 453
- Calfee, John 13, 91, 155, 318, 482
- California
- Caminiti, Donald 413
- Campbell,Thomas 306
- Canada 357–8, 408, 412–13, 423, 474
- Cane, P. 254
- caretaking see monitoring underprecautions
- p. 501Carney, William 137
- Carroll, Stephen 409–10, 413, 485
- Cascao, Rui 436
- catastrophic injury and mass exposure34, 35, 92, 96–7, 269
- Caterina, Raffaele 443
- causal uncertainty 266, 272
- causation
- causal apportionment among joint tortfeasors 97–100
- early economic analysis of law 84–5
- foreseeability, and 83–104
- contract law, foreseeability in 102–4
- litigation costs 104
- negligence rule, under 89–91, 94–5
- magnitude and scope of liability 87–9
- proportional liability rule 93–6, 176–7, 258, 266
- prospective causation 85–6, 103–4
- retrospective causation 85–6
- risk-based liability and safety regulation 96–7
- socially optimal care, and 86–7
- strict liability, under 87–9, 94–5
- threshold probability rules 92–3, 94–6
- tort law, foreseeability in 100–102
- uncertainty over 91–3
- cause in fact 83–4
- Celli, Andrew 97
- Chaloupka, Frank 477, 478
- Chandra, Amitabh 342, 354–5, 356
- Chang, Tai-Yeong 117, 118
- channelling of liability 260, 273, 423, 424, 425
- Chapman, Bruce 137, 140, 406
- Chapman, D. J. 256
- Che, Yeon-Koo 164, 318
- cheapest cost avoider 16–17
- Chelius, James 406, 410, 456, 479–80
- Cheney F. W. 353, 465, 468,
- Chernobyl 421
- Choharis, Peter 317
- Choi, Albert 143, 145, 165
- Chu, C.Y. Cyrus 142
- Chung, Tai-Yeong 54, 64
- ‘claims made policy’ 265
- climate change 276
- Coase, Ronald 16, 30–31, 84, 135, 216, 419, 479
- Coffee, John 138, 145
- Coghlin, T. G. 268
- Cohen, Alma 413, 457, 476, 478
- Cohen, George 342
- Cohen, M. A. 272
- Cohen, Thomas 465, 466, 471
- co-insurance see under insurance
- Colpitts, Jeffrey 124
- Comande, Giovanni 217
- comparative negligence 3, 18–19, 38, 456–7
- compensation see damages; no-fault compensation schemes
- competition 291, 292, 443–4
- compulsory insurance see under insurance
- conduct see consumers; corporations; reprehensible
- Congressional
- consequential loss 201
- ‘consumer awareness test’ 32
- consumers 237, 240, 441, 458
- contingent valuation 256
- p. 502contracts law 30–31, 102–4, 168–9, 204, 344, 441
- contribution actions 109–11
- contributory negligence
- comparative negligence, and 46–77, 456–7
- comparative negligence criticised 73–4
- defence of 18, 19, 20, 21
- economic performance 54–8
- empirical studies 74–7
- equivalence, comparative negligence and 58–9
- incentives to take care 53–73
- least-cost avoider, and 53–8
- origins and development 48–52
- relaxing assumptions 59–73
- stochastic due care and losses 66–7
- summary 77
- Cook, Philip 220, 222, 478
- Cooter, Robert 436
- causation 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 97
- contributory and comparative negligence 59–63, 66, 71, 77
- damages 154–6, 158, 159, 163, 170, 174, 179–80
- environmental liability 252
- medical malpractice 362
- non pecuniary loss 219
- products liability 317, 319
- punitive damages 166–7, 232, 234, 239
- strict liability and negligence 7, 12, 15, 24
- copyright 234–5
- corporations and firms 146, 304–6, 379, 442
- costs
- accident 19–20, 22, 46, 84, 153, 174, 216
- administrative 11, 153, 210, 453, 457–8, 470–71
- care 14, 24–7, 29–30, 36, 56–7, 71–2
- damage compensation, of 36
- due care, of 36
- enforcement 138
- externalities 16
- funeral 160, 161
- information 309–10, 314, 417
- innovation and production 304–5
- litigation 24, 36, 57, 74, 297
- medical malpractice 346
- mitigation 156
- monitoring 136
- preventions and precautions 4, 5, 12, 22, 241, 346, 391–2, 453
- primary 153, 216–17, 225
- secondary 153, 217, 225, 437
- social and welfare 12, 13, 37, 93, 154, 346
- strict liability, and 19
- tertiary costs 153, 217, 225, 436–7
- p. 503transaction 16, 30–31, 250–51, 347, 409–10, 480
- Courbage, C. 418
- courts 409
- Cousy, H. 264
- Cowell, J. 265
- Coyte, Peter 342, 352, 357–8, 361
- Craig, Andrew 305
- Craswell, Richard 13, 91, 155, 319
- Crevier, Stephanie 63
- crime and criminal liability 22, 385
- Croley, Steven 137, 164, 308, 381, 406
- Cross, Gary 294
- Crouch, Edmund 437
- Cummins, J. David 307, 413, 476,
- Curran, Christopher 17, 54, 58–60, 77
- ‘customary practice test’ 263
- customers see consumers 237, 240
- damage 3, 29–30, 255–7
- damages and compensation 12, 14, 37,
153–84
- assessment of losses 159–60
- basis of compensation 170–71
- behavioral incentive, as 153, 155, 160, 165–6, 177, 178–9
- chance, loss of 176–8
- compensation mechanisms 267–9
- compensatory 12
- costs of 36
- economic loss, pure 168–70
- empirical research 181–2
- environmental liability 255–7
- fairness in 73
- fatal accidents 160–63, 182
- full compensation of harm 156–8
- future 171–2, 182
- harm equaling 229–31
- indirect 411
- limitation and moderation of 174–6
- medical malpractice 344–5
- mitigation of losses 173–4
- multiple tortfeasors 178–80
- no-fault compensation system 409, 411
- non-pecuniary losses
- optimal see under punitive damages
- over-compensation 3, 14–15, 37
- deterrence and 8
- principles, assessment of 182–3
- punitive damages see punitive damages
- secondary accident cost reduction 180–81
- uncompensated losses 165–6
- under-compensation 14–15, 21, 29, 30, 37, 97, 182, 417, 419
- wealth of defendants 172–3
- workers compensation 480–82
- dangerous
- see also catastrophic
- Danzon, Patricia 164, 318, 381, 412–13
- D’Arge, R. 251
- Dari-Mattiacci, Guiseppe 16, 57, 95, 140, 435
- Daughety, Andrew 241, 295, 305, 319
- Davis, R. K. 256
- Dawar, N. 293
- De Bievre, A. F. M. 273
- p. 504De Geest, Gerrit 57, 175, 176
- De Smedt, K. 270
- decentralisation effect of strict liability and negligence 24–7
- deductibles see partial under insurance
- Dee, Thomas 478
- defective rationality 137
- defects see under products liability
- defences
- defensive medicine 354–6, 458, 472, 486–8
- Dehejia, Rajeev 413, 457, 476–8
- Delgado, Richard 94, 95
- delictual liability 344
- Demougin, Dominique 28–30
- Demsetz, H. 406
- Denmark 362
- Derrig, Richard 408, 413, 476
- design defects see product liability Designated Compensable Event 350, 364
- deterrence 8, 29, 37–8, 153, 210, 453–4
- comparative negligence 73, 76
- contracts and liability 30–31
- corporations, and 146
- damages, and 160, 162–3, 167, 177, 179
- environmental liability 249, 252–3, 256–7, 259
- errors, and 93–4
- joint and several liability 118, 119–25
- legal rules, of 13
- liability insurance 308, 379–80, 382, 385–6
- medical malpractice 344, 485
- non pecuniary loss 220
- punitive damages 228–31, 237–8, 468–9
- over 13–15, 37, 146, 158, 259, 353–4
- strict liability 23
- theory of 229–31
- under 13–15, 29–30, 37–8, 94, 97, 146
- development see innovation
- DeVille, Kenneth 342
- Devlin, Nancy 162
- Devlin, Rose 409, 412–13, 475–6, 489
- Dewar, Marvin 342
- Dewees, Nancy 181–2, 269, 302, 384–5
- Dhankhar, Praveen 487
- Diamond, Peter 56, 238
- difference principle see partial liability
- Dionne, Georges 413
- disaster insurance and relief 267, 269
- disclosure 313–15
- Djamaludin, I. 295
- doctors see under consumers
- Dodge, Joseph 158
- Doherty, N. 267
- Donohue, John 488–9
- Dowdell, T. D. 303
- Drake, J. 256
- Dranove, David 486
- Dubay, Lisa 486–7
- Dubin, J. A. 272
- due care 6, 17
- causation, and 89–91
- costs of 36
- courts, and 20, 25, 27, 36, 38
- efficient standard of care 47, 54
- experts 25
- inducing 46
- legal standards, uncertainty of 13–15
- medical malpractice 351, 485
- negligence 87
- public information 27
- reasonable man 25–6, 47
- socially optimal level see optimal level
- standard of care 47–8, 58
- stochastic, losses and 66–7
- strict liability 10, 87–9
- p. 505Duff, David 181–2, 269, 302, 384–5, 456
- Duggan, Anthony 166
- Dunford, R. 272
- Dunn, Richard 465
- Dworkin, Ronald 23
- Eads, George 303
- Earnhart, D. 253, 262
- earnings, loss of see under loss
- Easterbrook, Frank 112, 379, 395, 398
- Eaton, Thomas 240, 465, 469
- Eckert, A. 253, 270
- economic loss, pure 8, 14, 168–70, 201–11, 435, 441
- categories of cases 202–3
- definition 201
- intentional versus negligent torts 209
- justifications for 203–4
- private versus social loss 204–6
- products liability, and 318
- professional advice cases 202–3, 210–11
- public service, closure of cases 202, 210
- ricochet loss cases 202, 209
- strict liability versus negligence 207–9
- transferred loss cases 202, 209–10
- economic rationale of insurance 377–84
- Edlin, Aaron 61
- efficiency equivalence theorem 19
- Efroymson, R. A. 256
- ‘eggshell skull’ doctrine 101 66
- Egon, Zehnder International 303, 305
- Eisen, Roland 377, 379, 388–9
- Eisenberg, Theodore 166, 228, 469
- Ekelund, R. B. 273
- Ellis, Dorsey 1, 232–3, 234
- empirics of tort 74–7, 453–90
- employment 236, 239
- scope of and liability see vicarious
- Endres, Alfred 8, 18, 379, 389, 391
- England see United Kingdom
- Enron 145
- environmental liability 110–11, 182,
247–76
- assessment of 274–6
- compensation mechanisms 267–9
- damage and damages 255–7
- environmental federalism, and 269–70
- goals 249
- insurance of 263–7, 397–8, 399
- latency 261, 265
- lenders and producers, liability of 260–61
- marine oil pollution 268, 269, 272–4
- p. 506moving beyond original polluter 257–61
- negligence versus strict liability 252–3
- nuclear risk 260, 268–9, 270–72
- regulation
- retroactive liability 261–3,
266
- latency, and 265
- standard of care, changes in 262–3
- risks 35
- vicarious liability, and 143
- Epple, D. 272, 290
- Epstein, Richard 85, 96, 104, 417, 422, 455
- equilibrium, convergence to 72–3
- equivalence theorem 19
- errors 60, 347
- court see court
- Estep, E. 258, 272
- Europe 46, 51, 402, 485
- Evans, William 221
- evidentiary
- excess and deductibles see under insurance
- ‘exclusionary rule’ 201, 207–9, 435
- exogenous solvency 124–5
- experts 25
- externalities 16, 88, 158, 163, 169, 295, 439
- Exxon Valdez 273
- fairness and joint liability 125–30
- ‘false positives’ and ‘false negatives’ 353–4, 364, 385, 464, 482
- Farber, Henry 342, 353–4, 465, 468
- Farber, Michael 94
- fatal accidents 352, 413, 415, 484
- Faure, Michael 54, 95, 224, 402
- Fedtke, Jorg 436
- Fees, Eberhard 27, 259
- Feinstein, J. S. 270
- Feldman, Allan 156
- Feldman, Roger 342–3
- Feldthusen, Bruce 203, 413
- Felsteiner, William 461
- Fenn, Paul 261, 315, 418
- Ferguson, William 76, 77
- financial caps 256–7, 393–4, 399, 418–21, 424–6, 457–8, 473
- Finland 362, 411
- Finsinger, Jorg 9, 11, 268
- Fiore, K. 272
- firms see corporations
- first party insurance see under insurance
- Fischel, Daniel 144–6, 379, 395, 398
- Fischer, Charles 177
- Fishback, Price 480
- Flanigan, George 76, 77
- p. 507Fluet, Claude 28–30
- foreseeability
- causation, and see under causation
- contract law, in see under causation
- tort law, in see under causation
- France 3, 51, 385, 412, 424, 435, 437, 441
- Franklin, Marc 410
- Franzoni, Luigi 145
- Frasca, Ralph 176–7
- Fraser, Clive 164
- Frech, H. E, 318
- Freeman, P. 264
- Frey, B. S. 251
- Friedman, Daniel 63, 163–4, 167, 221
- Frontier Insurance Group 359
- Froot, Kenneth 307
- Frost, C. 249, 270
- Galanter, Marc 181, 455, 461
- Galligan, Thomas 233, 238
- Garber, Steven 303, 483
- Gardner, Steven 50
- Garoupa, Nuno 16, 95
- gatekeepers 139, 144–5
- see also professional advice
- Gaudry, Marc 413, 475
- Geistfeld, Mark 164
- Germany 3, 7, 51, 226, 344, 384, 435
- Gigerenzer, Gerd 35
- Gilead, Israel 435
- Gimpel-Hinteregger, M. 249
- Goldberg, Victor 178, 204, 273, 291
- Gollier, C. 269
- Gomez, Fernando 168–9, 204, 435
- Gotanda, John 228
- Government 139
- Gowda, R. 264
- Grabowski, Henry 409
- Grady, Mark 47, 85, 89–90, 101, 155
- Graf von der Schulenburg, J, 386, 388
- Graham, Daniel 164, 220, 222, 302–3, 305
- Grayston, Richard 474
- greater degree of blame exception 50
- Greene, William 461
- Greenwald, B. 355
- Grimaud, D. 264
- Gron, A. 269, 486
- Grossman, D. A. 276, 296
- Grossman, Michael 477–8
- guarantee funds 268
- Guppy, A. 35
- Haazen, Olav 441
- Haddock, David 17, 54, 58–60, 77, 234
- Hagen, Stuart 487
- Hamada, Koichi 289
- Hamdani, Assaf 139
- Hand, Learned 6, 32, 47–8, 351
- Haneman, W. M. 256
- Hankey, S. 265
- Hansmann, Henry 140, 396
- Hanson, John 164, 381, 406
- Hansson, I. 267
- harm, damages equaling 229–31
- harmonization see tort law
- Harrington, Scott 476
- Harris, Catherine 342, 351, 353, 465, 468
- Harrison, D. 256
- Hart, H.L.A. 83, 85
- Hartlief, T. 252, 267, 424, 437, 439, 442, 443
- Harvard Medical Practice study 341, 352, 353, 355, 459, 463
- Hausman, J. A. 256
- Havighurst, Clark 364
- Hay, Bruce 304, 318
- Hay, J. 273
- Hazen, O. A. 265
- Heal, Geoffrey 290
- health
- hedonic price technique 155–6
- Hege, U. 259
- p. 508Heine, G. 273, 426
- Helland, Eric 182
- Hellwig, Martin 383, 386, 388, 390
- Henderson. James 288, 300, 312
- Hendrickx, Ruud 273, 274, 436
- Hensler, Deborah 181, 287, 316, 406, 459, 462
- Hersch, Joni 154, 303, 409
- Hershey, Nathan 354
- heterogenous agents and parties 67–72
- Heyes, A 248, 272
- Higgins, Richard 302, 457, 482, 484
- history of liability 3, 406, 456–8, 471
- Hoch, I. 256
- Hoerger, Thomas 468
- Hoffer, George 303
- Hogarth, H. R. 265
- Honore, Tony 83, 85, 86
- Housmann, Michael 354
- Hsieh, Chee Ruey 353
- Howells, Geraint 443
- Hu, J. 426
- Huber, Peter, 302
- human life, value of 160–63, 223–4
- Hurst, Ady 353
- Huybrechts, M. A. 426
- Hyde, C. E. 259
- Hylton, Keith 154, 167, 241, 254, 301
- Hyman, David 345, 352, 353, 354
- medical malpractice 349
- Iceland 362
- immunity 143
- imperfectly competitive markets 290–91
- incentives to take care 53–73, 412, 415, 424, 473–88, 485–6
- see also behavioural incentives
- independent
- industrial accidents see workers
- information 97, 101, 422
- asymmetry 386–8, 390–91, 410, 485
- concealing and liability 138, 142
- consumers, and 291–3, 301, 309–11, 317, 468, 482–3
- costs see under costs
- insurance, for 263, 268
- liability rules revealing 70–72
- mechanisms in products markets 293–5
- medical malpractice 346–7
- patients 341
- misleading, capital markets in 206
- perfect information 56–8, 60, 72, 77
- safety technologies 27–8, 38
- warning defects 313–15
- see also preventions; safety
- Ingberman, Daniel 125, 175, 259, 261, 263
- innovation and productivity 304–6
- insolvency see solvency
- insurance 4, 12, 16, 21, 57,
97, 267, 453
- automobile 412–13
- bonus-malus 348
- ‘claims made policy’ 265
- co-insurance 348, 384, 426
- compulsory 266–7, 299, 362, 397–8, 408, 421–2, 425–6
- costs and warranty liability 297–8, 309
- damages, and 158, 174, 180–81
- disaster 267
- efficient distribution, and 220–21
- environmental liability 256, 263–7
- excess and deductibles 348, 391–2
- first party 12, 297–8, 402, 457
- health 292–3, 297, 385
- insolvency 268
- joint and several liability 129–30
- liability see liability insurance
- ‘long tail risk’ 261, 265, 360
- markets 19
- medical malpractice 343, 345, 348–9, 350–51, 357–60, 486
- non-pecuniary loss 163–4, 217, 220–23, 225
- p. 509pain and suffering see pain and suffering
- pecuniary loss 163
- products liability 3, 225, 296–300, 305, 306–8, 315
- punitive damages 241
- re-insurance 384
- risk aversion see under risk aversion
- self 362, 379, 402, 408, 410, 423, 486
- social 12
- terrorism 307, 359
- third party 73, 297–8, 350–51, 377, 410, 421–2
- underwriting, and 359–60, 383
- see also compensation mechanisms
- Insurance Information Institute study 354
- intellectual property 170–71
- intentional harm or tort 3, 50, 143, 400
- negligence, and 209
- interest 157, 360, 394, 458
- International Organization for
- Standardization 217
- Italy 342, 344, 438
- Jackson, Howell 145
- Jarrell, Gregg 303
- Jeffries, John 172, 239
- Johnson, Gary 12, 253, 254, 255
- Johnson, Joseph 76, 77
- Johnson, Rollin 305
- Johnson, William 406
- joint and several liability 109–30, 458
- joint tortfeasors, causal
- apportionment see under
- causation
- Jolls, Christine 35
- Jones, P. 317
- Jost, Peter 174, 266, 397
- judgment-proof
- judicial moderation and damages 174–6
- Jung, M. 262
- juries 50, 60, 73, 74, 314, 318, 399, 467 469
- Kabler, Brent 413, 476
- Kaestner, Robert 486–7
- Kahan, Marcel 7, 26, 47, 90–91, 120
- Kahneman, Daniel 292
- Kakalik, James 409, 410, 413, 470, 488–9
- Kalss, Susanne 207
- Kanning, Arnold 436
- Kaplow, Louis 172, 234, 438
- Kapp, W. 251
- Karpoff, Jonathan 147, 166, 470
- Karten, W. T. 264
- Katzman, M. 265, 266
- Kavanaugh, Karen 480
- Kaye, David 92, 98, 257
- Keeton, R. 406, 412,
- Keeton, W. P. 1, 83
- Kelman, Mark 98
- Kennedy, Duncan 437, 440
- Kerkmeester, Heico 257, 436
- p. 510Kessler, Daniel 306, 342, 356, 486–7
- Ketchum, L. 272
- Khan, M. Mahmud 487
- Khanna, V. S. 147
- Kim, Jeonghyun 58, 156
- King, Elizabeth 177
- Kirmani, A. 294
- Klee, Elizabeth 124, 125
- Kleffner, A. 267
- Klein, Benjamin 293, 466
- Klerman, Daniel 111, 112
- Klevorick, Alvin 306
- Klevorick, K. S. 412
- Klick, Jonathan 356, 486
- Knoll, Michael 157
- Kochanowski, Paul 413, 476
- Koenig, Thomas 469
- Kolstad, Charles 12, 253, 254, 255
- Kornhauser, Lewis 32
- Kotowitz, Yehnda 386
- Kotz, Hein 3, 177
- Kraakman, Reinier 396
- Kramer, Larry
- vicarious liability 136, 137, 139, 143
- Krier, James 159
- Krueger, Alan 480
- Kruskal, William 98
- Krutilla, J. V. 256
- Kunreuther, H. 261, 264, 265, 267, 307
- Kysar, Douglas 292
- Landeo, Claudia 241
- Landes, Elizabeth 413
- Landes, William 4, 10, 32, 204, 216, 310, 342
- Langevoort, Donald 138
- Laroque, Francois 344
- Lasagna, Louis 305
- last clear chance doctrine 50
- latency 261, 265
- Latin, Howard 292, 314
- Laurent, C. 421
- law of large numbers 382–3, 400
- Lawrence, B. A. 287
- lawyers see gatekeepers
- least-cost avoider 53–8, 63–4, 84
- Leape, Lucian 463
- Lee, Han-Duck 473
- Leebron, David 396
- Leffler, Keith 293
- legal
- Legrand, P. 444
- lenders and producers, liability of 260–61
- Levmore, Saul 92–3, 94
- Lewis, Christopher 307
- Lewis, Richard 171–2, 175, 261, 401
- liability insurance 377–402, 454
- definition 377
- compensation as purpose of 384–6
- economic problems of 386–93
- economic rationale of 377–84
- economic virtues of 393–8
- Liang, Bryan 342
- Liang, Lan 477
- Libecap, G. D. 273
- Lidgren, K. 261
- Liedtke, P. M. 418
- Likens, Thomas 477, 479
- Lillard, Lee 468
- limited liability 139–40, 393–8
- Liston-Heyes, C. 272
- Litan, Robert 302
- litigation costs see under costs
- Little, Joseph 73
- Lloyds 383, 401
- Localio, A. R. 464, 465, 487
- Logue, Kyle 293
- Lomas, O. 273
- ‘long tail risk’ 261, 265, 360
- Lopuci, Lynn 296, 394
- loss 3
- Lott, John 147, 166, 182, 470
- Loughran, David 413, 477
- Ludeke, A. 299
- lump sum 171–2
- Lund, Adrian 413, 476
- MacLeod, W. Bentley 139
- MacKay, Murray 303
- MacMinn, R. D. 306
- Magaddino, Joseph 413, 476
- Magat, Wesley 313
- Magnus, Ulrich 160, 170, 437, 440, 441, 442
- Mahshigian, L. 406
- Makdisi, J. 258
- Maler, K. G. 256
- Mankiw, N. Gregory 206
- Manning, Richard 182, 304, 483
- marine oil pollution 268, 269, 272–4, 425–7
- Marino, Anthony 95, 291
- Markesinis, Basile 342
- marketplace and transactions 167, 206, 209
- Marks, Stephen 90
- Martin, Robert 305
- Mary Carter agreements 112
- Mason, M. 426
- Mason, Robin 296
- mass exposure torts see under catastrophic
- Mast, Brent 477, 479
- Mattei, Ugo 436
- Mayers, David 379
- McAfee, D. 253, 270
- McChesney, Fred 234
- McClellan, Mark 342, 356
- McEwin, R. Ian 362, 475, 478
- McGuire, E. Partrick 303
- McLeod, Bentley 342, 349
- McKeen, Roland 287, 291
- Meddler, F. 272
- Medical Adversity Insurance 364
- medical malpractice 178, 181, 238, 341–65, 462–8, 485–8
- Medoff, Marshall 413, 476
- Melamed, A. Douglas 234, 342, 438
- Mello, Michelle 342, 472, 486
- Merolla, A. Todd 296, 306
- Meszaros, J. 265
- Metzloff, Thomas 351, 353
- Miceli, Thomas 122, 155, 241
- Michelman, F. I. 251
- Miller, C. 258
- Miller, Dan 351, 359
- Mills, Don 459, 463
- minimum asset requirement 398
- Mishan, E. J. 251
- mitigation of loss see under loss
- mobility, tort law as obstacle to 442–3
- moderation of damages 174–6
- monitoring see under precautions
- Monti, A. 249
- Moore, Michael 305, 481, 483
- moral hazard 264–5, 297, 348, 360, 381, 389–90, 397, 400, 481
- Moselly, R. 272
- Mueller, Marnie 343, 355,
- multiple
- Murthy, D. N. P. 295
- Mustard, David 240, 469
- Nagel, Thomas 223
- Nash equilibrium 18, 22, 23, 64, 121
- National
- natural risks 406, 409, 422–3
- negligence
- apportionment of 73
- bilateral accidents see bilateral accidents
- causation, and see under causation
- comparative see comparative negligence
- contributory see contributory negligence
- costs 24
- damages, and 154–6, 165–6, 176, 179–80
- design defects see product liability due care see due care
- economic loss, pure and 207–9
- environmental liability 252–3
- exclusionary rule 207
- history 3
- information generating consequence 27–8, 38
- insurance 380–81
- intentional, negligent torts and209
- joint and several liability see under joint and several
- judgment-proof tortfeasors 29–30, 38
- liability, magnitude and scope 87
- medical malpractice 349–51
- products liability 300–301, 309–16
- punitive damages 230
- reasonable care see due care recovery rule 207
- relative 3, 20, 21
- strict liability, and 3–38
- p. 513unilateral accidents see unilateral accidents
- vicarious liability, and 134, 141–2, 142–4
- Nell, Martin 34
- Nelson, B. J. 256
- Net Environmental Benefit Analysis 256
- New Zealand 262, 406, 408, 411
- Nichols, E. 270
- Nikitin, Maxim 241
- no-fault compensation system 262–4, 406–27, 436, 457, 474–7
- no-liability rule 6, 22
- Noll, Juergen 296
- Nollkaemper, A. 276
- non-legal sanctions see sanctions
- non pecuniary losses 3, 158–9, 160, 163–5, 215–26, 399
- non-profit corporations 139
- Norway 362
- nuclear risk 260, 268, 269, 270–72, 421, 423–5
- Nussim, Jacob 159–60, 175
- Oates, Wallace 22, 251
- occupational diseases 182
- see also asbestos; workers O’Connell, Jeffrey 406, 410, 412, 413
- O’Connell, Paul 307
- Ogburn, Paul 353
- Ogus, A. 253–4, 344, 436–7, 439, 441, 444–5
- Ohl, C. 269
- Oi, Walter 299
- oil pollution see marine oil
- Olsen, Reed Neil 343
- ONIAM 364
- optimal damages see under punitive damages
- optimal level of care
- causation, and 86–7, 94
- contributory and comparative negligence 54–8
- damages, and 12, 153–6, 158, 178, 179–80
- economic loss, pure 207–9
- environmental liability 255–7
- medical malpractice 344–5, 346, 351
- risk spreading 153
- strict liability and negligence 6–10, 13, 16–31, 36–8, 417
- vicarious liability see vicarious
- optimality condition 5, 11–12, 19–20
- optimistic behaviour 35–6, 38
- Orr, Daniel 19, 63–5
- Ostrom, Brian 471
- Ott, Claus 205, 263, 381, 436
- over-compensation see under damages
- over-compliance and investment in care 13, 94, 472
- over-deterrence see under deterrence
- Owen, David 272, 310
- Pace, Nicholas 409, 470, 488–9
- pain and suffering 181, 233, 297, 318–19, 474
- Painter, Christopher 397
- Palmer, G. 406, 414, 415
- Palmer, Vernon 201, 202, 203, 209, 211, 435
- Panayotou, T. 262
- p. 514parasitic loss 201
- partial insurance see under insurance patients see under consumers
- Parisi, Francesco 140, 435
- Parker, Jeffrey 146
- Parkin, David 162
- partial liability 7, 26
- Pate-Cornell, M. E. 270
- Patell, James 157
- Pauly, Mark 9, 390
- pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses 158–9
- Peeples, Ralph 342, 351, 353
- Peirce, Ellen 164
- Peltzman, Sam 303
- perfect information see under information
- perfectly correlated probabilities 115, 120
- periodic payments 171–2
- pessimistic behaviour 35–6, 38
- Peterson, Mark 467
- PHICO 359
- Phillips, Richard 476
- Physicians Insurers Association of
- America 357
- Pigou, A. C. 22, 250
- Pinna, Andrea 363, 438
- Png, I. P. L. 241
- Polborn, Mattias 397
- Polinsky, A. Mitchell 13
- pollution see environmental
- Pomata, Gianna 342
- Pommerehne, W. W. 256
- pooling of risks 382–3
- Popp, David 305
- Porat, Ariel 96, 99, 100, 158, 179–80
- Porrini, D. 254, 261
- Posner, Eric 136, 139, 161, 162, 163
- Posner, Richard 204, 310, 406
- causation 84–5, 87–90, 94, 96, 99, 101–2, 104
- contributory and comparative negligence 49, 53, 56, 57
- damages 154, 156, 168, 175, 179
- empirics 453, 455
- environmental liability 251, 256–7, 258
- joint and several liability 112, 119
- medical malpractice 342, 346, 349
- non pecuniary loss 216, 219, 221
- punitive damages 229, 232, 234
- strict liability and negligence 4, 6, 7, 10, 27, 32, 37
- Pozzo, B. 252
- precautions and preventions 7–10, 11, 19, 21, 47, 386, 390
- see also information; safety
- premiums 357–60, 410–11, 415, 422, 438, 472–3
- Price, L. J. 293
- Priest, George 3, 164, 222, 241, 381, 406
- primary costs 153, 216–17, 225
- Prince, David 303
- principals and agents see agents; vicarious
- private loss see under loss
- privilege 143
- p. 515producers and lenders, liability of 260–61
- productivity and innovation 304–6
- products liability 63, 182, 225, 240, 287–320, 482–5
- bystander injuries 317–18
- consumer information about product risk 291–2
- contracting and tort liability, efficiency properties of 289–90
- damages
- defects
- doctrines of 308–20
- empirics, liability and product safety on 301–4
- European Union Directive 393–4
- harmonization of laws 443–5
- informational mechanisms in product markets 292–5
- imperfectly competitive markets 290–91
- innovation and productivity, impact of liability on 304–6
- insurance 3, 385, 396, 482–5
- liability 315–16
- negligence, and 31–2
- product safety, consumers undervaluing 292–3
- purpose 287–9
- regulatory problem 298–300
- strict liability 3, 31–2, 457
- warranties 295–6
- professional
- proof 29–30
- proportional liability rule see under causation
- prospective
- causation see under causation
- overruling 263
- Protection and Indemnity Clubs 268, 273, 426
- proximate cause 83–4
- see also causation
- public
- Puelz, Robert 473
- punishment 228, 235, 238, 239, 385
- punitive damages 3, 12, 158, 166–8, 175, 182, 228–41
- Quality Adjusted Life Years 161–2
- Querner, Immo 18
- Qian, Yingy 142
- race to the bottom 445–6
- Rachlinski, Jeffrey 437
- p. 516Radetzki, M. and M. 269
- Randow, von Philipp 11
- Rao, A. 294
- Rapp, Geoffrey 472,
- Rassmussen, David 477, 479
- rational choice, behavioural assumptions of 35–6
- Raviv, Artur 290
- Rawls, John 223
- Rea, Samuel 67–70, 77, 171, 381
- reasonable care see due care
- recovery see recovery under joint and several
- regulating see monitoring under precautions
- regulation 253–5, 298–300, 317, 347–9, 398, 443, 485
- see also safety
- Rehme, D. 251
- Reilly, Bridget 50, 76, 457, 465, 476–8
- Reinganum, Jennifer 241, 295, 305, 319
- re-insurance see under insurance
- relative negligence see under negligence relatives 160, 162–3
- remoteness test 102–3
- reprehensible conduct 236, 238
- research and development see innovation
- retroactive liability 261–3, 265, 266
- retrospective causation see under
- causation
- Reuter, Peter 303
- Revesz, Richard 109–30, 178, 179, 224, 248
- Reynolds, R. A. 355
- Rhoads, T. A. 251
- Richter, Andreas 34
- ricochet loss cases 202, 209
- right of contribution see contribution
- Riley, John 293
- Ringleb, Al 124, 296, 306
- risk
- ‘risk utility test’ 32, 310, 311, 313, 314
- Rizzo, Mario 168, 257, 435
- Roberts, Karen 481
- Robinette, Christopher 51, 73, 76–7
- Robinson, Glen 94, 96, 258
- Rock, Steven 487
- Roe, Mark 97
- Rogers, W. V. Horton 134, 215, 217, 224
- Rogerson, William 293, 294
- Rogge, J. 265
- ‘role-type uncertainty’ 156
- Rolph, John 411
- Rose-Ackerman, Susan 22, 95, 98, 254, 255
- Rosenberg, David 27, 37, 93, 94, 257
- Rosenblatt, Roger 353
- Rossato, Andrea 436
- Rothschild, Michael 388
- Rothwell, G.S. 272
- Rowley, C. K. 272
- Rubin, Paul 225, 303–4, 317–18, 455, 458, 483–4
- Rubinfeld, Daniel 319
- Ruegg, M. 254
- Ruhm, Cristopher 477, 478
- Ruiz, Juan 168, 169, 204, 435
- rule of no liability 6, 17, 31
- Rundshagen, B. 269
- Ruser, John 480, 481
- Rustad, Michael 319
- Ruttan, Vernon 305
- safety 50, 57, 137, 301–6, 349, 390, 411, 413
- see also information; preventions
- Saffer, Henry 477, 478
- p. 517Sage, William 342, 354, 359, 360, 486
- Saks, Michael 455, 458, 461
- Samuelson, P. A. 383
- Sanchirico, Chris 165, 172
- sanctions and enforcement 143, 147, 239, 419
- Sappington, David 175, 261
- Sarat, Austin 461
- satisfaction 3
- Schafer, Hans-Bernd 263, 381, 435–6
- Schauffler, Richard 465, 471
- Schelling, Thomas 224
- Schenzler, Christoph 50, 76, 457, 465, 476–8
- Schlanger, Margo 162
- Schmitt, Joan 473
- Schmitz, P. W. 254
- Schmookler, Jacob 305
- Schulze, W. 251
- Schwab, Stewart 15
- Schwartz, Alan 292, 295, 312, 317, 320, 381
- Schwartz, Gary 3, 57–8, 406
- Schwartz, Victor 406
- Schwartze, Raimund 264, 266, 267, 379, 389, 391,
- Schweizer, Urs 206, 207
- Sclar, David 354
- scope of liability 87
- secondary
- Segerson, Kathleen 29, 99, 122, 124, 172, 261
- self-insurance see under insurance
- Sen, Amartya 223
- set-off110, 118
- Settle, C. T. M. Hurley 248
- settlements 110–18, 127–8, 182
- several only liability 112
- Shanley, Michael 467
- Shapiro, Carl 293
- shareholders and investors 139–40, 231, 237, 262, 379, 396–7, 398
- Shavell, Steven 112, 204, 438, 453
- causation 54, 58–9, 85–91, 93–5, 97, 100–104
- damages 154–60, 163–4, 168, 170, 172–5, 178–9, 180–81
- environmental liability 251–4, 257, 262, 264, 266
- medical malpractice 342, 345, 346, 347, 349
- no-fault compensation system 409, 412, 417, 420, 421
- non-pecuniary loss 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224
- products liability 289, 300, 301, 310, 315, 318, 319
- punitive damages 166, 167, 229, 232–4, 236, 238–41
- strict liability and negligence 5, 10, 11, 13, 15, 22
- tort law and liability insurance 377, 379–82, 384, 386, 389, 392, 394–8
- vicarious liability 135, 136, 137, 141, 142
- Shepherd, George 306
- Shepherd, Joanna 225, 304, 458, 484
- Sher, Noam 349
- Sherland, Paul 51, 73, 76–7
- Shogren, J. F. 251
- Shukaitis, Marc 163
- Sigman, Hilary 117, 118, 249, 259, 261
- Silver, Charles 345, 352, 353, 354
- Simon, Marilyn 301
- Singh, Ram 158, 159
- Skogh, Goran 397, 418, 424
- p. 518Sloan, Frank 303, 413
- Slovic, Paul 267, 437
- Smith, Adam 218
- Smith, Clifford 379
- Smith, Michael 379
- Smith, R. T. 253, 270
- Smith, Steven 465
- Smits, Jan 436, 440, 442, 444, 445, 447
- social
- socially optimal level of care see optimal level
- solvency and insolvency 109, 112, 347, 418, 421–2
- Spelman, William 461
- Spence, A. 291
- Spence, Michael 388, 482
- Spiegel, Menahem 234
- Spier, Jaap 98, 120, 203, 265, 276, 441
- Spier, Kathryn 318
- Spulber, Daniel 289, 291
- Stahel, W. R. 264
- Staiger, B. 249, 251, 252
- standard of care see due care
- Stein, Alex 96, 99
- Stewart, R 248, 268
- Stiglitz, Joseph 388
- stochastic due care and losses 66–7
- stock value 303–4
- Stone, Robert 305
- Stool, H. 228
- Stout, Emily 477
- Stout, Lynn 407
- St-Paul Travelers Companies 359
- Stratmann, Thomas 356, 486
- strict liability 402, 457
- accidents see accidents; bilateral;
- unilateral
- causation, and see under causation
- costs 24
- damages, and 155–6, 165–6, 176, 178, 180
- defences see defences
- design defects see product liability
- economic loss, pure and 207–9
- environmental liability 252–3
- exclusionary rule 207, 208
- information 27, 38
- insurance 380
- joint and several liability see under joint and several
- judgment-proof tortfeasor 29–30
- liability, magnitude and scope of87
- medical malpractice 349–51
- negligence, and 3–38
- no-fault compensation system, and 416–18
- products liability 3, 31–2, 300–301, 308–11, 314–18
- punitive damages, and 229–30
- rule of 10–13
- vicarious liability, and see vicarious
- Studdert, David 353, 409
- subdivision of risk 383–4
- Sudman, Michael 50
- Sugarman, Stephen 128
- Summers, John 175
- Sunstein, Cass 35, 161, 162, 163, 437
- superfund 249, 258, 259–60, 261, 266, 268, 275
- Suurmond, Guido 221
- Swan, Peter 413, 415, 475, 478
- Swazey, Judith 305
- Sweden 362, 363, 364, 411
- Switzerland 344
- Sykes, Alan
- p. 519Tabbach, Avraham 159–60, 175
- Tabarrok, Alexander 182
- Takaoka, Sumiko 303, 305
- Takeda, Keith 110, 117, 118
- Talarico, Susette 240–41, 465, 469
- Tancredi, Laurence 364
- Taragin, Mark 353, 465, 468
- Tauchen, George 478
- taxes and tax laws 145, 157, 165, 172–3, 206, 241
- ‘technological advancement test’ 263
- Teitelbaum, Joshua 35, 36
- terrorism 307, 359, 406, 409, 422–3
- tertiary costs see under costs
- Thaler, Richard 35
- ‘thin skull plaintiff rule’ 157
- third party
- defendant 110
- insurance see under insurance
- Thirtle, Colin 305
- Thomas, Eric 459, 463
- Thorpe, Kenneth, 357–8, 360, 361, 410, 473
- threshold
- liability 258
- probability rules see under causation
- Tiebout, Charles 439
- Tietenberg, T. 119, 179, 259
- Tillinghast-Towers Perrin 217, 459, 470–71
- Tirole, Jean 293
- Tol, R. S. J. 276
- tort law, harmonizing 435–47
- tort litigation system 461–71, 471–3
- transaction costs see under costs
- transferred loss cases 202, 209–10
- Trebilock, Michael 129–30, 181–2, 456
- Tribe, B. 258
- trilateral precaution accidents 208–9
- Tuckman, Bruce 241
- Tunc, A. 406, 412
- Tussing, A. Dale 487
- Twerski, Aaron 300, 312
- Ulen, Thomas 97, 219, 362, 436
- uncertainty 24, 156, 252–3, 307–8, 453
- under-
- unilateral accidents 5–15, 16, 36–8, 47–8, 349, 409
- unilateral care 63–5
- p. 520United Kingdom 3, 49, 51, 134, 211, 385, 437
- United States 3, 46, 408
- automobile accidents 412–13, 474–7
- see also automobile
- catastrophic risks 92, 423
- see also catastrophic
- compensation 157, 161, 171, 224, 225
- see also damages
- contributory and comparative negligence 49, 50, 51–2, 77
- see also contributory negligence
- corporate crime 134, 143, 145, 146
- see also corporations; crime
- data 458–9
- Department of Transportation 413
- economic loss, pure 201, 209
- see also economic loss
- empirics 455–8, 461–73, 480, 484–9
- see also empirics
- environmental liability 110–11, 253, 256, 261, 266
- see also environmental liability; marine oil; nuclear
- see also insurance
- juries, role of 74
- see also juries
- medical malpractice 342–3, 351–9, 361, 362
- see also medical malpractice
- products liability 287–8, 294, 296, 304, 306–10, 314, 318, 320
- see also products liability
- punitive damages 3, 228
- see also punitive damages
- standard of care 48
- see also due care
- vicarious liability 134
- see also vicarious
- valuation
- Value of a Statistical Life 161, 162, 224, 226
- Van Aaken, Anne 167
- Van Boom, William 363, 438, 440
- Van Dam, Cees 51
- Van Damme, K. N. 426
- Van den Bergh, Roger 174, 266, 271, 424, 439–46,
- Van den Borre, T. 260, 271–2
- Van Egteren, H. 253, 270
- Van Mieghem, E. 272
- Van Randow, Philipp 219
- van Velthoven, Ben 221, 406, 413
- Van Wijck, Peter 158
- Venezian, E. C. 307
- van’t Veld, Klaus 306
- Veljanovski, Cento 342, 345
- Verheij, A. 248, 273
- Verheyen, R. 276
- Vertinsky, Ilan 437
- vicarious liability and corporate civil liability 27–8, 38, 134–47
- Viney, Genevieve 342
- Viscusi, W. Kip 265, 361, 399, 437, 471, 473, 481, 483
- Visscher, Louis 166, 174, 272, 436, 440, 442–6
- Von Bar, Christian 51
- Von Weizsacker, Carl 206
- p. 521wages see under loss
- Wagner, Gerhard 437, 439–41
- Wagner, Wendy 315
- Waidmann, Timothy 486–7
- Waldman, Steven 313
- Wang, H. 273, 426
- warranties 295–8
- Watts, Alison 124
- wealth
- Weber, Nathan 303
- Wehrung, Donald 437
- Weil, Roman 157
- Weinstein, Neil 35, 162
- Weir, Tony 203
- Weisbach, David 172
- Weiss, Mary 413, 476
- welfare effects of liability regimes see under social welfare
- Wheeler, Malcolm 146
- Whetten-Goldstein, Kathryn 477, 479
- Whinston, Michael 206
- White, G. 267
- White, Michelle 19, 457
- Wickelgren, Abraham 298
- Wiggins, Steven 124, 273, 296, 306
- Wildavsky, A. 270
- Wilde, Louis 295
- Wilkins, David 145
- Wilkinson, James 478
- Wilson, Charles 388
- Wilson, Richard 437
- Winkler, Daniel 76, 77
- Winter, Jan Kees 158, 260, 271
- Winter, Ralph 307
- Witt, Robert 379
- Wittman, Donald 17, 63, 72–3, 74, 99
- Wohlschlegel, Ansgar 27
- Wojtowycz, Martha 487
- Wolinsky, Asher 294
- Wolson, Mark 157
- Woodhouse Royal Commission Report 414
- workers and workplaces 136, 182, 352,
362, 406, 456–7, 479–82
- asbestos claims see asbestos
- Worldcom 145
- Worrall, John 480, 481
- Wren, J. 426
- Wright, Richard 89, 119, 125–6
- Yahya, M. 124, 125
- Yoon, Albert 472
- Young, Douglas 477, 479
- Young, Madelyn 413, 476
- Young, Robert 99
- Yun, John 167, 319
- Zador, Paul 413, 476
- Zeckhauser, R. 264
- Zelizer, Viviana 222
- Zervogianni, Eleni 153, 159
- Zolt, Eric 241
- Zuckerman, Stephen 355, 358, 410, 473,
- Zweifel, Peter 377, 379, 388, 389
- Zweigert, Konrad 3