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Encyclopedia of Law and Economics
Edited by Gerrit De Geest
The second, expanded edition of the acclaimed Encyclopedia represents a major
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Index: Index
[In: Volume 4, Keith N. Hylton (ed) Antitrust Law and Economics]
- 3M Co. v. LePage’s Inc. 203
- 324 Liquor Corp. v. Duffy 41
- AB Volvo v. Erik Veng (UK) Ltd 163–164
- Abbott, Alden F. 183–212
- Adelman, M. 119
- Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. United Airlines, Inc. 162, 175–176
- Albrecht v. Herald Tribune 217
- Alcoa (United States v. Alum. Co. of America) 74, 79, 85–86, 87, 88, 105, 108
- American Column & Lumber Co. v. United States 41
- American Federation of Tobacco Growers v. Neal 106
- American Sugar Refining Company 125
- American Tobacco Co. v. United States 39, 79, 126
- Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Goodman 41
- antitrust analysis of exclusive dealing see exclusive dealing and tying arrangements, antitrust analysis of
- antitrust enforcement, economics of 1–22
- and allocative efficiency 2
- Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp. 19
- Ashley Creek Phosphate Co. v. Chevron USA, Inc. 20
- Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Carpenters 19
- Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly 16, 17
- Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures 20
- Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System 19
- Brunswick Corp v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc. 12
- California v. ARC America Corp. 13
- and cartel collusion 7–9, 13, 15
- ‘cease and desist’ orders 9
- consent decrees 9–10
- and consumer welfare 2, 6, 11–16
- criminal or civil enforcement ratio 7–9
- and customer standing to sue 13
- damages and concealment of anticompetitive behavior 15
- damages rules 14–16
- and deterrence 2, 14–16
- ‘direct injury’ rule 12–13
- and direct purchaser 13–14
- enforcement goals 2–5
- false negatives, inclination towards 4–5
- false positives, costs of 4, 7, 8
- false positives, jurors over-inclusion of 4
- federal or state enforcement 6–7
- and firm-specific control 3, 12, 13–14
- Hanover Shoe Inc. v. United Shoe Machinery Corp. 13–14
- Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. 18
- Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corporation 19
- Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois 13–14
- incarceration, incidence of 9
- injunctions and administrative solutions 9–11
- Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp. 17
- merger review 10–11
- MindGames, Inc. v. Western Publ’g Co. 20
- and new entrants 16
- overdeterrence and underdeterrence 3–5, 7, 8
- ‘Paramount decrees’ 9
- and patent pools 11
- price fixing 7–9, 13, 15
- private enforcement 11–16
- public enforcement 5–11
- rate-setting proceedings and consent decrees 10
- Six West Retail Acquisition, Inc. v. Sony Theatre Management Corp. 19
- Swift & Co. v. United States 19
- United States v. Broadcast Music, Inc. 19
- p. 282antitrust, monopoly power in see monopoly power in antitrust, economics of
- antitrust and patent litigation 270–272, 278–279
- Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp. 19
- Aoki, R. 172, 180
- Areeda, P. 84, 86, 107, 108, 109, 130–132, 139, 141, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 162, 169, 171, 172, 175, 176, 178, 179, 193, 206
- Ashley Creek Phosphate Co. v. Chevron USA, Inc. 20
- Asker, J. 198
- Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp. 86–87, 108, 109, 160, 161, 162
- Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Carpenters 19
- Associated Press v. United States 53, 61–62, 99, 159, 160, 175
- Attheraces Ltd v. British Horseracing Board Ltd. 167, 179
- In re Baby Food Antitrust Litig. 39
- Bain, J. 80
- Baker, Jonathan B. 39, 40, 234–260
- Bakos, Y. 205
- Barnett, T. 17
- Barry Wright v. ITT Grinnell 151,
- 199
- Battipaglia v. N.Y. State Liquor Auth. 41
- Baumol, W. 19, 131, 132
- Baxter, W. 205, 214
- Beard, T. 171, 172, 179
- Becker, G. 17
- Beckner, C. 179
- Beer & Pop Warehouse v. Jones 41
- Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly 16, 17, 26, 27, 28, 38
- Beniot, J.-P. 120–121
- Bergman, M. 165, 170, 176, 178, 179
- Bernheim, D. 207, 255
- Besanko, D. 37
- Bierschback, R. 17
- Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures 20
- Black, O. 28–29, 40
- Blair, Roger D. 64–81, 144
- Blalock v. Ladies Professional Golf Association 50
- Blechman, M. 37
- Blomkest Fertilizer, Inc. v. Potash Corp. of Sask. 39
- Blum, W. 17
- BMI and ASCAP consent decrees 10, 11
- Bolton, P. 117, 121, 125, 126, 132, 139, 141
- Bork, R. 52, 56–57, 61–62, 111, 117, 207, 231
- Boudreaux, D. 130, 139, 141
- Bowman, W. 204
- boycotts see group boycotts law
- Bresnahan, T. 253, 255, 256
- Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System 19, 49
- Brodley, J. 17, 130, 139
- Bronsteen, P. 206
- Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. 38, 86, 90, 105, 109, 117, 125, 130, 132, 140–141, 143, 144–149, 199
- Brown Shoe Co. v. United States 251
- Brunswick Corp v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc. 12
- Bryant, P. 20
- Brynjolfsson, E. 205
- Burns, M. 126
- Business Electronics v. Sharp 57–58, 217
- Cabral, L. 124
- California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass’n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc. 41
- California v. ARC America Corp. 13
- Canterbury Liquors & Pantry v. Sullivan 41
- Carbajo, J. 204
- Cardi, W. 19
- Carlton, D. 29, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 79, 149, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207
- Carruthers, Celeste K. 64–81
- Carstensen, P. 231
- Cascade Health Solutions v. Peace Health 148–149, 203
- Cass, R. 89, 97, 108, 109, 111
- Catalano, Inc. v. Target Sales, Inc. 30–31, 32, 34
- Caves, R. 275
- p. 283 CDC Techs., Inc. IDEXX Labs, Inc. 207
- Cement Mfrs. Protective Assn. v. United States 41
- Chamberlin, E. 38
- Chen, A. 230
- In re Citric Acid Litig. 42
- City of Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chems., Inc. 39, 40
- Clamp-All Corp. v. Cast Iron Soil Pipe Inst. 38, 40
- Clark, J. 92
- Coase, R. 60
- Coca-Cola v. Harmar 200
- Commercial Solvents 163
- Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp. 144, 199, 207
- Consten and Grundig v. Commission 231
- Continental Ore Co. v. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. 39
- Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc. 217
- Cooper, D. 125, 130, 131
- Cooper, J. 111, 205
- Cooper, T. 37
- Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp. 37
- Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Maleng 41
- Cotter, Thomas F. 109, 157–182
- Covad Communications Co. v. Bell Atlantic Corp. 109
- Cowling, K. 252
- Crane, Daniel A. 1–22, 130
- Dansby, R. 252
- Darcy v. Allen 84
- DeBow, M. 18
- Deesen v. Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA) 50, 61
- DeGraba, P. 204
- Dehydrating Process Co. v. A.O. Smith Corp. 202
- Demsetz, H. 253
- Deneckere, R. 221
- Deng, F. 107
- Denger, M. 141
- DeSanti, S. 38
- Devlin, A. 38
- Dick, A. 38, 255
- Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons, Co. 216–217, 218, 220, 222, 225
- Duplan Corp. v. Deering Miliken, Inc. 275
- E. Bement & Sons v. National Harrow Co. 230
- Eagles, I. 167, 177
- Easley, D. 122
- Easterbrook, F. 19, 89, 102, 117, 118–119, 125, 126, 129, 130, 134, 139
- Eastern States Retail Lumber Dealers’ Association v. United States 32–33, 60
- Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services 79, 108
- Eckhard, W. 20
- Edlin, A. 133
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. FTC (Ethyl) 33
- El Aguila Food Products v. Gruma 200
- Elhauge, E. 90, 98, 133, 145, 146
- Elzinga, K. 40, 119, 125, 141
- Encaoua, D. 252
- England, Darcy v. Allen 84
- Epstein, R. 9, 18, 108
- essential facilities doctrine 157–182
- AB Volvo v. Erik Veng (UK) Ltd 163–164
- Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. United Airlines, Inc. 162, 175–176
- Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp. 160, 161, 162
- Associated Press v. United States 159, 160, 175
- Attheraces Ltd v. British Horseracing Board Ltd. 167, 179
- Commercial Solvents 163
- competitive price, courts ability to determine 169
- and dominant position abuse
- 166–167
- and duplication of facility 169–170
- and EC law 162–168
- and ‘exceptional circumstances’ 168, 172
- expansion beyond two markets 172–173
- p. 284false positives, false negatives and administrative costs, minimizing 171–172
- Fishman v. Estate of Wirtz 178
- and forced access 171
- Gamco, Inc. v .Providence Fruit & Produce Bldg., Inc. 161
- Hecht v. Pro-Football, Inc. 174, 176
- IMS Health GmbH v. NDC Health GmbH 165–166, 168, 173–174
- and intellectual property rights (IPRs) 163–167, 168, 169–170, 173–174
- Intergraphic Corp. v. Intel Corp. 162
- International Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. 174
- Jamsports & Enter. LLC v. Paradama Prods., Inc. 176
- Lorain Journal Co. v. United States 175
- low marginal cost undertaking 170–171
- lower court decisions 161–162
- and market power 159
- MCI Communications Corp. v. AT&T 161–162
- Microsoft v. Commission 167–168
- monopoly and refusal to deal 159–161, 172
- Oskar Bronner GmbH v. Mediaprint 165, 166–167
- Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States 159–160, 161, 170
- overview 158–168
- and price fixing 158–159
- refusal to grant access to indispensible product 166–167, 172–173
- role of 157–158
- RTE and ITP v. Commission (Magill II) 164–165, 166, 168, 173–174
- scholarly commentary 169–174
- as second-best solution 170–171
- shared access rule 170–171
- and Sherman Act, Section 2 159–160, 161, 172, 176
- and social welfare increase 169, 170, 171–172
- software and refusal to license ‘interoperability information’ 167–168
- symmetric duopoly with two vertically integrated firms 165
- Texaco, Inc. v. Dagher 174
- Trinko (Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko) 160–161, 169
- Twin Labs., Inc. v. Weider Health & Fitness 175–176
- United States v. Griffith 175
- United States v. Terminal Railroad Association 158–159, 160
- upstream monopolist eliminating downstream competition 162, 172–173
- and US Supreme Court decisions 158–161
- Europe
- AB Volvo v. Erik Veng (UK) Ltd 163–164
- Attheraces Ltd v. British Horseracing Board Ltd. 167, 179
- Commercial Solvents 163
- competition and free trade agreement 229
- competition policy 228–229
- Consten and Grundig v. Commission 231
- EC Treaty, Article 81 227, 228–229
- EC Treaty, Article 82 82, 162–163, 166, 167, 168
- and essential facilities doctrine 157–158
- IMS Health GmbH v. NDC Health GmbH 165–166, 168, 173–174
- Microsoft v. Commission 167–168
- and minimum resale price maintenance 229
- Oskar Bronner GmbH v. Mediaprint 165, 166–167
- RTE and ITP v. Commission (Magill II) 164–165, 166, 168, 173–174
- vertical agreement exemptions 227–228
- vertical restraints 216, 227–229
- Evans, D. 111, 129, 204, 205
- Evans, W. 253, 255
- exclusive dealing and tying arrangements, antitrust analysis of 183–212
- p. 2853M Co. v. LePage’s Inc. 203
- Barry Wright v. ITT Grinnell 199
- Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. 199
- bundling and loyalty discounts 185–186
- Cascade Health Solutions v. Peace Health 203
- category management contracts and exclusive dealing 198
- CDC Techs., Inc. IDEXX Labs, Inc. 207
- choice provision costs 190
- and Clayton Act, Section 3 192
- Coca-Cola Co. v. Harmar Bottling Co. 200
- competitive harm theories and exclusive dealing 194–196
- competitive harm theories and tying and bundling 187–189
- Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp. 199, 207
- and consumer welfare 187–189, 191, 194, 198, 200
- contract duration effects and exclusive dealing 193–194
- coordination problems between buyers and anti-competitive exclusion 195–196
- dealer free-riding and exclusive dealing 197, 198
- dealer loyalty and exclusive dealing 197
- Dehydrating Process Co. v. A.O. Smith Corp. 202
- downstream competition and exclusive dealing 195–196
- economic analysis of exclusive dealing 194–200
- economic analysis of tying and bundling 186–191
- economies of scale and exclusive dealing 196
- El Aguila Food Products v. Gruma 200
- empirical evidence and exclusive dealing 198–200
- empirical evidence and tying and bundling 190–191
- exclusive dealing 191–200
- Fox Motors, Inc. v. Mazda Distribs. (Gulf), Inc. 202
- FTC v. McCormick 199, 200, 208
- Hendricks Music Co. v. Steinway, Inc. 208
- Illinois Tool Works v. Independent Ink 202
- International Salt Co. v. United States 184, 203
- Jefferson Parish Hosp. Dist. No. 2 v. Hyde 184, 185, 192
- Joyce Beverages v. Royal Crown Co. 197
- Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. 203
- legal analyses of tying and bundling 184–186
- legal analysis of exclusive dealing 191–194
- LePage’s v. 3M 185, 195, 203
- Lorain Journal Co. v. United States 192
- loyalty discounts and exclusive dealing 198–200
- and market power 184, 187, 193
- Menasha Corp. v. News Am. Mktg. In-Store, Inc. 206
- monopolist capturing producer’s profits 188
- Mozart Co. v. Mercedes-Benz of N. Am., Inc. 202
- N. Pac. Ry. Co. v. United States 201
- Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n v. Bd. of Regents 202
- Omega Envtl. Inc. v. Gilbarco, Inc. 207
- ‘one monopoly profit argument’ and tying and bundling 187–188
- Ortho Diagnostic Systems v. Abbott Labs 203
- Paddock Publ’ns., Inc. v. Chicago Tribune Co. 206, 207
- and per se rules 184–185, 186
- and preservation of insecure monopoly 188
- procompetitive efficiencies and exclusive dealing 196–198
- procompetitive efficiencies and tying and bundling 189–190
- p. 286production costs and tying in single bundle 189–190
- retail conspiracy, distribution access denied 195
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Philip Morris Inc. 193–194, 199, 200
- Roland Mach. Co. v. Dresser Indus. 197, 207
- rule of reason analysis and exclusive dealing 193
- rule of reason analysis and tying and bundling 186
- Ryko Manufacturing Co. v. Eden Services 197
- and Sherman Act 185, 192, 194
- Standard Fashion Co. v. Magrane-Houston Co. 192
- Standard Oil Co. v. United States 184, 192
- supplier access to the retailer’s loyal customer base and exclusive dealing 198
- Tampa Electric Co. v. Nashville Coal Co. 192
- technology exception to per se rule 185
- Thompson Everett, Inc. v. Nat’l Cable Adver. 207
- tying and bundling arrangements 183–191
- United Shoe Machinery Corp. v. United States 192
- United States Steel Corp. v. Fortner Enterprises (Fortner II) 184
- United States v. Dentsply Int’l, Inc. 197
- United States v. Jerrold Elecs. Corp. 202
- United States v. Loew’s, Inc. 185, 201
- United States v. Microsoft Corp. 185, 202, 204
- United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. 203
- US Healthcare, Inc. v. Healthsource, Inc. 207
- US Philips Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n 202
- and vertical restraints 191
- Wells Real Estate, Inc. v. Greater Lowell Bd. of Realtors 202
- F. Hoffman–La Roche Ltd. v. Empagram S.A. 108
- Farrell, J. 255, 256, 275
- Fashion Originators’ Guild v. Federal Trade Commission 56–57, 58, 61
- Faull, J. 108
- Federal Trade Commission v. Cement Institute 33, 36, 40
- Federal Trade Commission v. H.J. Heinz Co. 236
- Federal Trade Commission v. Indiana Federation of Dentists 51–52, 61
- Federal Trade Commission v. McCormick 199, 200, 208
- Fisher, F. 80
- Fishman v. Estate of Wirtz 178
- In re Flat Glass 39
- Fortner II (United States Steel Corp. v. Fortner Enterprises) 184
- Fox Motors, Inc. v. Mazda Distribs. (Gulf), Inc. 202
- Friedman, J. 278
- Frischmann, B. 172
- Froeb, L. 255
- Fudenberg, D. 121
- Fumagalli, C. 196, 207
- Gallini, N. 262, 275
- Gamco, Inc. v. Providence Fruit & Produce Bldg., Inc. 161
- Gandhi, A. 256
- Gavil, A. 111
- GE/Agfa example, horizontal mergers 248–249
- Genesove, D. 40, 127, 255
- Ghosh, Shubha 213–233
- Gilbert, R. 261
- Glazer, K. 206
- Goldfarb et al. v. Virginia State Bar 61
- Goldman, L. 37
- Gomez, R. 128
- Graham v. John Deere Co. 272
- Granitz, E. 150, 207
- Green, E. 252
- Green, J. 261, 276
- Greve, M. 18
- Griffin, C. 91
- Grimes, W. 202, 230
- group boycotts law 46–63
- p. 287and access denial to suppliers or customers 46–47
- and ancillary restraints doctrine 49
- Associated Press v. United States 53, 61–62
- Blalock v. Ladies Professional Golf Association 50
- Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System 49
- Business Electronics v. Sharp 57–58
- clothing design protection 56–57
- and competition regulation among participating firms 46
- and consumer welfare 47–49, 50, 51–53
- Deesen v. Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA) 50, 61
- Eastern States Retail Lumber Dealers’ Association v. United States 55–56
- economic perspectives on 47–49
- Fashion Originators’ Guild v. Federal Trade Commission 56–57, 58, 61
- Federal Trade Commission v. Indiana Federation of Dentists 51–52, 61
- ‘forbidden category’ and reasonable argument 57–58
- Goldfarb et al. v. Virginia State Bar 61
- horizontal agreement injuring competitor 54, 57–58, 59
- intellectual property and increase in consumer welfare 48–49
- Jefferson Parish Hosp. Dist. No. 2 v. Hyde 61
- Klor’s Inc. v. Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc. 57–58
- member expulsion due to ownership change 53–55
- Molinas v. National Basketball Association 61
- Neeld v. National Hockey League 47–48
- non-regulatory boycotts 55–59
- Northwest Wholesale Stationers v. Pacific Stationery and Printing Co. 51, 53–55, 58, 59, 61, 62
- Paramount Famous Lasky Corp. v. United States 60
- Powell v. National Football League 61
- product necessity boycotts 51
- and product quality 49
- and professional qualifications 52
- and profits 49
- regulatory boycotts 49–55
- and rule of reason 54
- and Sherman Act, Section 2 46
- Silver v. New York Stock Exchange 52–53
- Smith v. Pro Football, Inc. 51
- and sports teams 50–51
- Toys ‘R’ Us v. Federal Trade Commission 58–59
- United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. 37, 49
- and vertical agreements 58–59
- Gurrea, S. 37
- Haddock, D. 37
- Hahn, R. 18
- Hanover Shoe Inc. v. United Shoe Machinery Corp. 13–14
- Hanssen, F.A. 201
- Hanssens, D. 231
- Harrison, Jeffrey L. 46–63, 128
- Hart, D. 231
- Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. 18
- Hay, G. 37, 40, 130, 139
- Hazlett, T. 127
- Hecht v. Pro-Football, Inc. 174, 176
- Heide, J. 198
- Heidt, R. 61
- Hemphill, C. 117, 141
- Hendricks Music Co. v. Steinway, Inc. 208
- Herfort, J. 141
- In re High Fructose Corn Syrup Antitrust Litig. 38
- Holiday Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Philip Morris Inc. 40, 41, 42
- Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corporation 19
- Holt, C. 37
- horizontal agreements
- horizontal mergers, analysis of market concentration in 234–260
- p. 288Brown Shoe Co. v. United States 251
- cartels and cheating, deterrence of 240–243, 244
- cartels and consensus 239–240
- cartels and market concentration, benefits of 240, 242–243
- cartels and price-fixing 239, 243
- and Clayton Act, Section 7 235, 236
- competitive effects 238–249
- coordinated competitive effects 238–245
- differentiated product industry, competitive effects of 245–249
- Federal Trade Commission v. H.J. Heinz Co. 236
- GE/Agfa example 248–249
- Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) as market concentration measure 238
- market concentration in legal framework for merger analysis 235–236
- market concentration measurement 238
- market definition role and market concentration 237, 249
- maverick firms and merger analysis 243–245
- and Sherman Act, Section 1 239
- unilateral competitive effects 245–249
- unilateral competitive effects and consumer choice 248
- unilateral competitive effects and price constraint removal 246–247, 249
- United States v. Baker Hughes, Inc. 235–236
- United States v. General Dynamics Corp. 235
- United States v. Pabst Brewing Co. 251
- United States v. Philadelphia National Bank 235, 236
- United States v. Von’s Grocery Co. 251
- Whirlpool/Maytag example 248
- Hovenkamp, H. 17, 18–19, 139, 141–151 passim, 162, 169, 171–179 passim, 193, 202, 206
- Hurwicz, J. 139
- Hylton, Keith 17, 20, 37, 82–115, 161, 169, 174–175, 178, 179, 230
- Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois 13–14
- Illinois Tool Works v. Independent Ink 80, 202
- IMS Health GmbH v. NDC Health GmbH 165–166, 168, 173–174
- In re Baby Food Antitrust Litig. 39
- In re Citric Acid Litig. 42
- In re Flat Glass 39
- In re High Fructose Corn Syrup Antitrust Litig. 38
- In re Petroleum Prods. Antitrust Litig. 42
- Information Resources, Inc. v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp 152
- intellectual property law
- International Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. 174
- International Salt Co. v. United States 184, 203
- Ippolito, P. 231
- Isaac, R. 128
- Jacobson, J. 202, 206
- Jacquemin, A. 38, 40, 252
- Jamsports & Enter. LLC v. Paradama Prods., Inc. 176
- Jefferson Parish Hosp. Dist. No. 2 v. Hyde 61, 184, 185, 192
- Joskow, P. 129, 131
- Joyce Beverages v. Royal Crown Co. 197
- JTC Petroleum Co. v. Piasa Motor Fuels, Inc. 35–36, 38
- Jung, Y. 128–129
- Kahai, S. 79
- Kahn, A. 88–89, 90, 111
- Kalven, H. 17
- Kaplow, L. 206, 229, 253, 276
- Kaserman, D. 78
- Kattan, J. 37
- p. 289Katz, M. 262
- Kauper, T. 19
- Kay, J. 231
- Kellogg 80
- Kenney, R. 201
- Kessides, I. 255
- Kessler, D. 205, 214
- Kestenbaum, L. 37
- Kitch, E. 276
- Kitti, C. 276
- Klein, B. 126, 150, 197, 200, 201, 206, 207, 208, 221
- Klemperer, P. 261
- Klevorick, A. 117, 129, 131
- Klor’s Inc. v. Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc. 57–58
- Kobayashi, Bruce H. 80, 116–156, 202, 204, 208
- Kolasky, W. 202
- Koller, R. 119, 125, 138, 139
- Kovacic, W. 17, 39, 40, 139
- Krattenmaker, T. 78, 110, 207
- Kreps, D. 39, 122, 128–129
- Kuhn, K.-U. 253, 254
- Lambert, T. 143, 149, 208
- Lande, R. 40
- Landes, W. 17, 61, 79
- Lao, M. 108
- Layne-Farrar, A. 18
- LeBlanc, G. 121
- Leddy, M. 162, 173, 179
- Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. 33–34, 64, 203, 213, 214–215, 216–227
- LePage’s v. 3M 147–148, 149, 185, 195, 203
- Lerner, A. 68–70, 73, 74, 197, 208
- Lerner, J. 126
- Leslie, C. 37, 40
- Letwin, W. 108
- Levenstein, M. 254
- Levin, R. 126–127
- Lipsky, A. 109, 173, 174, 206
- Longdin, L. 167, 177
- Lopatka, J. 40, 144, 175, 179
- Lorain Journal Co. v. United States 175, 192
- Lott, J. 126, 127–128
- Lyon, T. 37
- McAfee, P. 19
- McChesney, F. 17
- McGahee v. Northern Propane Gas Co. 151
- McGee, J. 118, 119, 130, 139, 150, 151
- McGowan, D. 175, 179
- McGowan, J. 80
- McKenzie-Willamette Hospital v. Peace Health 152
- Magill II (RTE and ITP v. Commission) 164–165, 166, 168, 173–174
- Maple Flooring Mfg. Assn. v. United States 41
- Marquardt, P. 162, 173, 179
- Marvel, H. 40, 208, 221
- Marx, L. 124
- Mason, E. 91, 92, 110–111
- Mathewson, F. 221
- Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp. 17, 27, 30, 33, 34, 108, 117, 139–140, 144, 151
- MCI Communications Corp. v. AT&T 161–162
- Meese, A. 224
- Melamed, A. 90–91, 97, 109
- Menasha Corp. v. News Am. Mktg. In‑Store, Inc. 206
- mergers, horizontal see horizontal mergers, analysis of market concentration in
- Merges, R. 276
- Meurer, Michael J. 261–277
- Microsoft v. Commission 167–168
- Milgrom, P. 121, 122, 123–124
- Miller, J. 127
- Miller v. Hedlund 41
- Mills, D. 125, 141
- Milne, R. 39
- MindGames, Inc. v. Western Publ’g Co. 20
- Molinas v. National Basketball Association 61
- monopolization standards, law and economics of 82–115
- ‘abuse standard’ 84
- Alcoa (United States v. Alum. Co. of America) 85–86, 87, 88, 105
- American Federation of Tobacco Growers v. Neal 106
- p. 290anticompetitive act, defining 98
- Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp. 86–87, 108, 109
- assessment in light of error 100–107
- Associated Press v. United States 99
- balancing test approach 85–87
- baseline probabilities and ex post error rates 104–105
- Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. 86, 90, 105, 109
- common law background 84
- consumer harm test 93, 94–95, 98, 100–101, 105, 106
- Covad Communications Co. v. Bell Atlantic Corp. 109
- Darcy v. Allen 84
- and distribution of error costs 83
- dominant firm changing product design to enhance competition 98, 102–103
- Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services 108
- efficiency measurement 11, 90, 95–96, 97–98, 99–100, 104, 106
- equally-efficient-competitor test 89, 99–100
- error costs and market constraints 102–103, 105–106
- and error probabilities in antitrust 89
- errors and biases, types of 100–102
- ‘essential facilities’ 86–87, 106
- and European Community Treaty, Article 82 82
- exclusionary act and efficiency 90
- exclusivity contract example 93–94, 96–97, 101, 103
- and expected cost of errors 102–103, 105–107
- F. Hoffman–La Roche Ltd. v. Empagram S.A. 108
- false acquittal versus false conviction costs 102–105, 106, 107
- future of 105–107
- history of 83–87
- incompatible design change example 98, 101
- market performance test 91–92
- Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp. 108
- modeling 92–100
- new entrants, encouragement of 102, 103, 106
- ‘no-economic-sense’ test and unlawful monopolization 91, 99
- and predatory pricing 86
- profit decomposition analysis 98–99, 102–103
- and profit-sacrifice test 87, 90–91, 97–98, 99
- proposed monopolization standards 87–92
- and rent seeking 89, 102, 103–104
- sacrifice-plus-recoupment test 91
- and Sherman Act, Section 2 82,
- 83–87
- and specific intent approach 82, 83, 84–85, 88–89, 91, 101, 105, 106
- and specific intent approach, modeling 96–100
- Standard Oil Co. v. United States 84–85
- Trinko (Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of V. Trinko) 86–87, 105, 106
- United States v. Alum. Co. of America 108
- United States v. American Tobacco Co. 108
- United States v. Microsoft Corp. 87, 108, 111
- United States v. United Shoe Machinery Corp. 109
- United States v. US Steel Corp. 108
- welfare balancing approach 82–83, 86, 87, 88–89, 90, 91–92, 100, 101–102, 104, 105
- welfare balancing approach, modeling 93–96, 114–115
- welfare tradeoff considerations 83, 94, 103
- monopoly power in antitrust, economics of 64–81
- Alcoa (United States v. Alum. Co. of America) 74
- American Tobacco Co. v. United States 79
- capital costs as entry barrier 76
- circumstantial evidence of monopoly power 74
- p. 291consumer preference and entry barriers 76
- consumer surplus and perfect competition 65
- direct evidence of monopoly power 73–74
- and dominant firms 71–73
- Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services 79
- entry barriers, importance of 75–76
- exclusion of rivals as evidence of monopoly power 73–74
- Illinois Tool Works v. Independent Ink 80
- Kellogg 80
- Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. 33–34, 64
- Lerner Index and measurement of monopoly power 68–70, 73, 74
- market definition, importance of 76–77
- and market equilibrium 65–66, 74
- monopoly power in antitrust law 73–77
- monopoly power in economics 65–70
- and patents 80
- and perfect competition 65
- product differentiation problems 75
- and profit maximizing firm 65, 66–68, 75
- and Sherman Act, Section 2 64
- social welfare maximization and perfect competition 65–66, 75
- Spectrum Sports v. McQuillian 77
- United States v. Aluminum Company of America 79
- United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Cellophane) 73, 74, 79
- United States v. Grinnell Corp. 64, 74, 77
- Walker Process Equip. v. Food Mach. & Chem. Corp. 77
- Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Serv. Corp. 39, 217
- Motta, M. 196, 207, 253
- Mozart Co. v. Mercedes-Benz of N. Am., Inc. 202
- Mullin, W. 40, 127, 255
- Mumford, M. 125, 141
- Murphy, K. 200, 208, 221
- N. Pac. Ry. Co. v. United States 201
- Nagata, E. 38
- Nalebuff, B. 204–205
- Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n v. Bd. of Regents 202
- Neeld v. National Hockey League 47–48
- Nikpay, A. 108
- Nordhaus, W. 261
- Norfolk Monument Co. v. Woodlawn Mem’l Gardens, Inc. 39
- Normann, H. 128
- Northwest Wholesale Stationers v. Pacific Stationery and Printing Co. 51, 53–55, 58, 59, 61, 62
- Ocean Shipping Cartel study 125
- O’Connell, S. 60
- Opler, T. 127–128
- Oppenheim, S.C. 91
- Ordover, J. 19, 119, 121, 130, 132, 133, 135, 146
- Ornstein, S. 231
- O’Rourke, M. 180
- Ortho Diagnostic Systems v. Abbott Labs 152, 203
- Oskar Bronner GmbH v. Mediaprint 165, 166–167
- Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States 159–160, 161, 170
- Overstreet, T. 231
- Owen, B. 37
- Pace, J. 39
- Paddock Publ’ns., Inc. v. Chicago Tribune Co. 206, 207
- Padilla, A. 111, 129
- Page, William H. 19, 23–45, 175, 179
- Paramount Famous Lasky Corp. v. United States 60
- Parkin, M. 78, 79
- patent litigation 261–276
- and antitrust 270–272, 278–279
- Duplan Corp. v. Deering Miliken, Inc. 275
- Graham v. John Deere Co. 272
- investment in research model 267, 268–270, 278–279
- p. 292licensing and litigation model 262, 263–267, 268–270
- and monopoly power 80
- nonobviousness standard and optimal validity probability 263, 272–274
- optimal patent policy 267–270, 278–279
- and patent validity probability 261–263, 270–272
- profits and licensing 262
- settlement of patent litigation model 264–266
- and social welfare 268–270, 279
- US patent law, Section 103 272
- see also intellectual property law
- Pautler, P. 127
- Pearlstein, D. 41
- Perloff, J. 79, 201, 205
- In re Petroleum Prods. Antitrust Litig. 42
- Piraino, T. 38
- Pitofsky, R. 17, 162, 172
- Plott, C. 128
- Podolny, J. 126
- Poitevin, M. 121
- Porter, R. 252
- Posner, R. 6, 17, 18, 25, 30, 37, 38, 61, 78, 79, 89, 99, 129, 204
- Powell v. National Football League 61
- predatory pricing, law and economics of 116–156
- above-cost safe harbor rule 117, 125, 130, 132, 140–141, 143, 144–149
- airline cases and opportunity cost 145–146
- antitrust law 129–138
- antitrust law and predation 138–149
- Areeda–Turner test and cost-based rules 130–132, 139, 141
- Barry Wright v. ITT Grinnell 151
- below-cost dumping and state-run firms 127
- Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. 38, 117, 125, 130, 132, 140–142, 143, 144–149
- Brooke Group rule, challenges to 142, 145–149
- cartel, inducing rival to join 125
- Cascade Health Solutions v. Peace Health 148–149
- ‘chain store paradox’ 119, 122
- complete information model in intermediate goods markets 124
- Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp. 144
- and cost thresholds 140
- courts and predation 138–141
- and direct calculation of marginal cost 127
- ‘dynamic’ predation rules, harmful effects of 132–133, 145
- economic analysis of legal rules 129–130
- economics of 117–129
- and error costs 129–130
- and exclusionary pricing behavior 140–142, 143–144
- experimental evidence 128–129
- false positives, high costs of 140
- financial constraints based on asymmetric information 121
- financial predation and the long purse 120–121, 126
- financially constrained entrant 120–121
- and firms’ attempts to control agency costs 121
- and horizontal price fixing 130
- Information Resources, Inc. v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp 152
- learning curve model of equilibrium predation 124, 135, 136
- LePage’s v. 3M 147–148, 149
- litigated cases, empirical studies of 124–129
- litigated cases, measurement of success of 125
- lowered prices to deter competitor 123–124, 125
- lowered prices to deter entry 123, 128–129
- loyalty discounts, market share discounts 144–145
- McGahee v. Northern Propane Gas Co. 151
- McKenzie-Willamette Hospital v. Peace Health 152
- and managers’ compensation 127–128
- p. 293and market power 118, 131, 134–135, 139
- Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp. 117, 139–140, 144, 151
- models supporting credible commitment 119
- and monopolization standards 86
- as monopolizing method 118, 142–144
- multi-product firms and bundling 146–149
- and multi-product price discounts 148–149
- multiple markets and reputation 121–122, 127–129, 132
- and optimal antitrust rules 130–138
- Ortho Diagnostic Systems v. Abbott Labs 152
- and price fixing 118
- price theory and predation 118–119
- price-cost comparisons as presumptive test 139–140
- as profit sacrifice 133–138
- profitable predation, lack of evidence for 119
- and recouping investment in below-cost prices 140–141
- regression analysis to test models 126–127
- regulation and public ownership effects 127
- and Robinson-Patman Act, Section 13 138, 139, 140
- and Sherman Act, Section 2 138, 140–141, 147–148
- ‘signal jamming’ model 121
- signaling models 122–124
- SmithKline Corp. v. Eli Lilly & Co. 147, 148
- and social characteristics of entrants 126
- Spirit Airlines v. Northwest Airlines, Inc. 145–146
- Standard Oil Co. v. United States 118, 119
- and strategic theory 119–124, 132–133
- sub-markets and joint and common costs 146
- uncertainty of 119, 122–124, 129–130
- US v. AMR Corp. 145–146
- Utah Pie Co. v. Continental Baking Co. 139
- Virgin Atlantic Airways, Ltd. v. British Airways plc 152
- welfare effects 117, 124, 129, 130, 134, 135–138, 143–144
- Weyerhaeuser v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co. and predatory buying 142–144
- William Inglis & Sons Baking Co. v. ITT Continental Baking Co 151
- Priest, G. 126, 275, 276
- Qureshi, A. 202
- Rasmussen, E. 195–196
- Reinganum, J. 276
- Rey, P. 204
- Riordan, M. 124
- Ritter, C. 180
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Philip Morris Inc. 193–194, 199, 200
- Roberts, J. 121, 122, 123–124
- Robinson, G. 109
- Roland Mach. Co. v. Dresser Indus. 197, 207
- Romaine, R. 92, 109
- Rosch, J. 232
- RTE and ITP v. Commission (Magill II) 164–165, 166, 168, 173–174
- rule of reason
- Ryko Manufacturing Co. v. Eden Services 197
- Sá, N. 252
- Salinger, M. 111, 204, 205
- Saloner, G. 119, 121, 122, 123, 130, 133, 135
- Salop, S. 37, 92, 93, 98, 101, 108, 109, 110, 122, 124, 144, 179, 207, 258
- Sappington, D. 128
- Sass, T. 198
- Saving, T. 79
- Scharfstein, D. 121, 124
- p. 294Scheffman, D. 37, 110, 116, 134, 207
- Scherer, F. 130, 180
- Schmalensee, R. 253
- Schoen, D. 17
- Schwartz, M. 134, 205
- Scotchmer, S. 261, 276
- Scott Morton, F. 126
- Segal, I. 195–196
- Selten, R. 119
- Shaffer, G. 42, 124
- Shapiro, C. 37, 122, 124, 206, 229, 244, 247, 253, 255, 256, 257, 261, 262
- Shepard, A. 275
- Sherman Act, Section 1, facilitating practices and concerted action under 23–45
- 324 Liquor Corp. v. Duffy 41
- agreement, definition and proof of 26–29
- Am. Column & Lumber Co. v. United States 41
- Am. Tobacco Co. v. United States 39
- Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Goodman 41
- background 23–26
- basing-point pricing 36
- Battipaglia v. N.Y. State Liquor Auth. 41
- Beer & Pop Warehouse v. Jones 41
- Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly 26, 28, 38
- Blomkest Fertilizer, Inc. v. Potash Corp. of Sask. 39
- Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. 38
- California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass’n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc. 41
- Canterbury Liquors & Pantry v. Sullivan 41
- and cartels 24, 29, 31, 34
- Catalano, Inc. v. Target Sales, Inc. 30–31, 32, 34
- category restraints of trade, limitation of 24
- Cement Mfrs. Protective Assn. v. United States 41
- City of Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chems., Inc. 39, 40
- Clamp-All Corp. v. Cast Iron Soil Pipe Inst. 38, 40
- Continental Ore Co. v. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. 39
- Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp. 37
- Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Maleng 41
- Eastern States Retail Lumber Dealers’ Association v. United States 32–33
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. FTC (Ethyl) 33
- and exclusive dealing and tying arrangements 185, 192, 194
- facilitating practices 29–36
- FTC v. Cement Institute 33, 36, 40
- Holiday Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Philip Morris Inc. 40, 41, 42
- and horizontal agreements 27, 32–34
- In re Baby Food Antitrust Litig. 39
- In re Citric Acid Litig. 42
- In re Flat Glass 39
- In re High Fructose Corn Syrup Antitrust Litig. 38
- In re Petroleum Prods. Antitrust Litig. 42
- and independent action 27–28
- and individual self-interest 28
- information exchange agreements 32–33
- JTC Petroleum Co. v. Piasa Motor Fuels, Inc. 35–36, 38
- Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. 33–34
- Maple Flooring Mfg. Assn. v. United States 41
- Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp. 27, 30, 33, 34
- Miller v. Hedlund 41
- Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Serv. Corp. 39
- Norfolk Monument Co. v. Woodlawn Mem’l Gardens, Inc. 39
- oligopoly and collusion 24–25, 30, 34
- and parallel conduct 27–29, 30, 33–36
- ‘plus factor’ evidence and exclusion of independent evidence 27, 28
- and price fixing 24–25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32–33, 35–36
- price lists, liquor ‘post and hold’ 32
- pricing transparency, dealing agreements to increase 30–32
- p. 295and private communication 29
- and public price posting 35
- and resale price maintenance 31, 33–35
- search or transaction costs, reducing 26
- Sugar Inst., Inc. v. United States 31, 32
- TFWS, Inc. v. Schaefer 41
- Theater Enterprises, Inc. v. Paramount Film Distributing Corp. 27–28, 35, 40
- Todd v. Exxon Corp. 39, 41
- trade restrictions and unenforceability of Act 27
- United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. 37
- United States v. Am. Linseed Oil Co. 41
- United States v. Citizen & S. Nat’l Bank 41
- United States v. Container Corp. of Am. 32, 35
- United States v. Gen. Motors Corp. 38
- United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. 38
- United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Ass’n 37, 38
- and vertical agreements 31, 34
- Virginia Vermiculite, Ltd. v. Historic Green Springs, Inc. 39
- and wholesale price publishing 35–36
- Williamson Oil Co. v. Philip Morris USA 40, 42
- Sherman Act, Section 2
- early development, and monopolization standards
- 84–85
- and essential facilities doctrine 159–160, 161, 172, 176
- and exclusive dealing and tying arrangements, antitrust analysis of 192, 194
- and group boycotts law 46
- modern, and monopolization standards 85–87
- and monopolization standards 82, 83–87
- and monopoly power in antitrust 64
- and predatory pricing 138, 140–141, 147–148
- Shughart, W. 17
- Sidak, J. 109, 128, 173, 174
- Silver v. New York Stock Exchange 52–53
- Simpson, J. 196, 207
- Six West Retail Acquisition, Inc. v. Sony Theatre Management Corp. 19
- Slade, M. 38, 40
- Small, J. 172, 180
- Smith, V. 128
- Smith, A. 65
- Smith v. Pro Football, Inc. 51
- SmithKline Corp. v. Eli Lilly & Co. 147, 148
- Snyder, C. 121
- Snyder, E. 19
- Southern Bell Company case 127
- Spectrum Sports v. McQuillian 77
- Spence, A. 111
- Spirit Airlines v. Northwest Airlines, Inc. 145–146
- Spratling, G. 18
- Standard Fashion Co. v. Magrane-Houston Co. 192
- Standard Oil Co. v. United States 84–85, 118, 119, 184, 192
- State Oil v. Khan 217, 220
- Stein, A. 17
- Stempel, S. 37
- Stigler, G. 17, 36–37, 38, 39, 79, 92, 201, 252
- Sugar Inst., Inc. v. United States 31, 32
- Sullivan, E. 19
- Sullivan, L. 230
- Suslow, V. 253, 254
- Sutton, J. 252
- Swift & Co. v. United States 19
- Tampa Electric Co. v. Nashville Coal Co. 192
- Telser, L. 120, 121
- Temple Lang, J. 173, 177, 180
- Tesler, L. 231
- Texaco, Inc. v. Dagher 174
- TFWS, Inc. v. Schaefer 41
- Theater Enterprises, Inc. v. Paramount Film Distributing Corp. 27–28, 35, 40
- p. 296 Thompson Everett, Inc. v. Nat’l Cable Adver. 207
- Thorelli, H. 232
- Tirole, J. 121
- Todd v. Exxon Corp. 39, 41
- Tom, W. 206, 208
- Toys ‘R’ Us v. Federal Trade Commission 58–59, 214
- Trinko (Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko) 86–87, 105, 106, 160–161, 169
- Tullock, G. 89, 94–95, 103
- Turner, D. 25, 30, 34, 38, 42, 86, 108, 130–132, 139, 141
- Turney, J. 177
- Twin Labs., Inc. v. Weider Health & Fitness 175–176
- Twombly (Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly) 16, 17, 26, 27, 28, 38
- tying arrangements see exclusive dealing and tying arrangements, antitrust analysis of
- United Shoe Machinery Corp. v. United States 192
- United States
- antitrust enforcement, economics of see antitrust enforcement, economics of
- Antitrust Modernization Commission 14, 185–186
- Clayton Act 6, 7, 18, 23, 64, 192, 235, 236
- decentralization of antitrust enforcement 1, 5–11
- essential facilities doctrine see essential facilities doctrine
- exclusive dealing and tying arrangements see exclusive dealing and tying arrangements, antitrust analysis of
- FTC Act 18
- Georgetown Study of Private Antitrust Litigation 11
- group boycotts law see group boycotts law
- Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act 3, 10–11
- monopolization standards, law and economics of see monopolization standards, law and economics of
- monopoly power in antitrust, economics of see monopoly power in antitrust, economics of
- National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG) 6–7
- patent litigation see patent litigation
- predatory pricing law see predatory pricing, law and economics of
- Racketeering Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) 19
- Robinson-Patman Act 7, 18, 138, 139, 140
- Sherman Act see Sherman Act, Section 1; Sherman Act, Section 2
- vertical restraints see vertical restraints, competition and the rule of reason
- United States Steel Corp. v. Fortner Enterprises (Fortner II) 184
- United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. 37, 49
- United States v. Alum. Co. of America (Alcoa) 74, 79, 85–86, 87, 88, 105, 108
- United States v. Am. Linseed Oil Co. 41
- United States v. American Tobacco Co. 108
- United States v. AMR Corp. 145–146
- United States v. Arnold, Schwinn, & Co. 217
- United States v. Baker Hughes, Inc. 235–236
- United States v. Broadcast Music, Inc. 19
- United States v. Citizen & S. Nat’l Bank 41
- United States v. Colgate 217
- United States v. Container Corp. of Am. 32, 35
- United States v. Dentsply Int’l, Inc. 197
- United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Cellophane) 73, 74, 79
- United States v. Gen. Motors Corp. 38
- United States v. General Dynamics Corp. 235
- United States v. Griffith 175
- p. 297United States v. Grinnell Corp. 64, 74, 77
- United States v. Jerrold Elecs. Corp. 202
- United States v. Loew’s, Inc. 185, 201
- United States v. Microsoft Corp. 87, 108, 111, 185, 202, 204
- United States v. Pabst Brewing Co. 251
- United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. 38, 203
- United States v. Philadephia National Bank 235, 236
- United States v. Terminal Railroad Association 158–159, 160
- United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Ass’n 37, 38
- United States v. United Shoe Machinery Corp. 109
- United States v. US Steel Corp. 108
- United States v. Von’s Grocery Co. 251
- US Healthcare, Inc. v. Healthsource, Inc. 207
- US Philips Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n 202
- Utah Pie Co. v. Continental Baking Co. 139
- Vakkur, N. 19
- Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko 86–87, 105, 106, 160–161, 169
- vertical restraints, competition and the rule of reason 213–233
- Albrecht v. Herald Tribune 217
- Business Electronics v. Sharp 217
- competitive norms 224–227
- Consten and Grundig v. Commission 231
- and consumer welfare 219, 224
- Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc. 217
- contracts and territorial restrictions 222, 224–225
- and distribution channel control 226
- Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons, Co. 216–217, 218, 220, 222, 225
- E. Bement & Sons v. National Harrow Co. 230
- economic theory 221–224
- EU comparison 227–229
- and exclusive dealing and tying arrangements 191
- and free-riding 222, 223, 226
- future after the rule of reason 229–230
- horizontal and vertical arrangements, distinction between 214
- and intellectual property law, parallels between 215, 220, 226
- Leegin Creative Leather Prods. v. PSKS, Inc. 213, 214–215, 216–227
- and market forces 224–225
- minimum resale price maintenance 214–227
- minimum resale price maintenance, anti-competitive uses 218, 219, 220, 222–223
- minimum resale price maintenance, pro-competitive benefits 218, 219, 220–221, 222–223
- minimum resale price maintenance, quality and service, effects on 224–225
- Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Serv. Corp. 217
- and per se rule 217, 218–221, 222, 225, 226
- and rivalry in production and distribution chain 215
- rule of reason versus per se rules 219–221
- and Sherman Act, Section 1 217
- State Oil v. Khan 217, 220
- Toys ‘R’ Us v. Federal Trade Commission 214
- United States v. Arnold, Schwinn, & Co. 217
- United States v. Colgate 217
- vertical restraints as a possible misnomer 213–216
- Vickers, J. 90, 109
- Virgin Atlantic Airways, Ltd. v. British Airways plc 152
- Virginia Vermiculite, Ltd. v. Historic Green Springs, Inc. 39
- Vistnes, G. 204
- Vita, M. 37, 205
- Vives, X. 40
- p. 298Waldman, M. 149, 204, 205, 207
- Walker Process Equip. v. Food Mach. & Chem. Corp. 77
- Waller, S. 172
- Waterson, M. 252
- Weiman, D. 126–127
- Weiss, L. 253
- Wells Real Estate, Inc. v. Greater Lowell Bd. of Realtors 202
- Werden, G. 39, 40, 91, 97, 144, 146, 175, 205, 251, 255
- Weyerhaeuser v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co. 142–144
- Whinston, M. 39, 40, 195, 204, 207, 255
- White, L. 19
- Wickelgren, A. 196, 207
- William Inglis & Sons Baking Co. v. ITT Continental Baking Co 151
- Williamson, O. 92, 93–94, 103, 111, 132–133, 145
- Williamson, E. 17
- Williamson Oil Co. v. Philip Morris USA 40, 42
- Willig, R. 132, 133, 146, 252, 256
- Wilson, R. 122, 128–129
- Winter, R. 221, 262
- Wright, Joshua D. 183–212